Keywords: professional requirements, distance learning, technocratic primitivization,
social expectations.
The modern social situation in Uzbekistan is characterized by a number of
political, economic and social transformations, which, to varying degrees, affected all
sectors of the national economy, including higher education. Education began to act
not only as an institution of the state, but also as an institution of the market economy,
providing economic development of the country by providing highly qualified
specialists to the labor market. The market system has sharply raised the level of
professional requirements for specialists, which led to clear obligations of the higher
school to ensure their coordination with the quality of educational services provided.
Changes in the structure of the economy required a different professional structure of
the working population, a different distribution of the contingent of specialists with
higher qualifications. There emerged an acute need for new specialties, such as
marketers, financiers, tax inspectors, customs officials, managers, governesses, social
educators, school psychologists, teachers of newly introduced into school practice
academic disciplines, teachers of additional education, etc. And this process will
continue as the national economy strengthens. Traditional higher education institutions
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are already unable to accept the increasing number of applicants. Besides, they are not
ready to reorient the educational process towards training specialists for the sphere of
market relations, the demand for which is constantly growing. Under the conditions of
intensive development of all spheres of society, the knowledge and skills acquired by
the workers are quickly becoming obsolete. In order to ensure that the workforce meets
the needs of society, they must constantly undergo a process of retraining. But the most
important thing is that as the scientific, technological and information architectonics
and professional structure of modern society change, so do the technologies of
education and, accordingly, the forms of its implementation. Thus, the emergence of
distance (open) learning on the basis of new information technologies was a natural
response of the education system to the needs of society. Further implementation and
effective use of distance learning opportunities largely depend on scientific and
pedagogical research in this area. At the first stage, the initiators of introducing
educational models based on new information technologies were advanced
programmers who proposed new approaches to education using new information
technologies.
Naturally, the ideological basis for creating computer systems in education was
the concept of programmed learning and hypertext, which were close in ideology and
could easily implement a ramification of learning programs. The user in this case firmly
took the position of an object, which is presented with the necessary, from the
developers' point of view, educational information. In essence, this meant the
continuation of the technocratic model of the individual, expressed in the "computer
metaphor": human activity could be decomposed into components, like a computer,
and explained in cybernetic terms. Humanitarians were alien to such a simplistic
approach, so the introduction of the computer in education was seen as a technocratic
primitivization of the individual and was not unreasonably met with a hostility. Parallel
to the technological breakthrough of new information technologies, humanitarian
thought paved the way for education's perception of changes in the informational and
cultural environment of humanity. Long before the notion of "interactivity" in
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computer science, philosophy, philology and culture studies developed the idea of
dialogue between the individual and culture. The notion of "culture" developed in
Uzbek cultural anthropology and foreign cultural anthropology was comparable in its
globality with the notion of "information", which opened up the possibilities of global
human perception of the world through the images of television and other electronic
media. Computer as a cultural phenomenon gave another view on the process of
creation of computer learning systems: it is not the teacher who squeezes his ideas into
the Procrustean bed of the possibilities of this or that software system, but pedagogical
ideas are the 'project' for which the informational support (software) is developed.
Interest in this type of education is associated with the extraordinary growth of its
popularity in developed countries and the third world. Now in the West no one doubts
that distance learning will be a key element of education in the near future. The
intensive training and retraining of specialists, the emerging market of educational
services, integration processes, the revolution in information technology, associated
with the ongoing reforms and the problem of employment, open up a great future for
this type of education. Development of distance learning both abroad and in Russia is
taking place in the context of global educational trends, which in recent years have
been called "megatrends". These trends include: - mass character of education and its
continuity as a new quality; - importance, both for the individual and for social
expectations and norms; - focus on mastering the ways of active cognitive activity; -
adaptation of the educational process to the needs and demands of the individual; -
orientation of learning on the student's personality, providing opportunities for its self-
disclosure. The formation of the theory and practice of distance learning has passed
through several stages in its development. Stage I is the genesis of the idea and practice
of distance learning (1850-1960). It is considered that the beginning of distance
learning was started by C. Tousen - a teacher of French at Berlin University and H.
Langenscheidt - a member of the Berlin Society of Modern Languages, who opened an
institute in Berlin in 1856, based on the correspondence form of teaching foreign
languages. It should be remembered, however, that six years earlier, the Institute for
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Correspondence Education had been established in Russia. The example of Russia and
Germany in the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was
followed by other countries. Distance learning in its "extramural" form emerged at the
time of the formation of the first stable regular publicly available communication
system, which is now so common for us mail. Subsequently, the palm of primacy in
the development of this form of learning belonged to the former Soviet Union, where
in the second half of the 1920s appeared a number of correspondence polytechnic
institutes and correspondence departments at pedagogical universities. Stage II -
development of distance learning into a special independent form of education (1960-
1969). A peculiar feature of this period was the rapid growth of non-traditional
universities due to the expansion of continuing education, professional development
and retraining programs. The position of UNESCO, other international organizations
was that the transformations and innovations in higher education were directed in the
direction of transforming the various theories and concepts of continuing education
into reality, the transfer of rigid, inflexible and elitist systems of higher education
accessible to all.
References:
1. Laney, J. D. Going the distance: effective instruction using distance learning technology //
Educational technology. – 1996, VоI. 36, № 2. - р. 51-54
2. Schrum, L. Teaching at a distance: Strategies for successful planning and development //
Learning and leading with technology. – 1996, VоI.23, № 6. - р. 30-33
3. Taylor, J. C. Perspectives on the Educational Uses of Technology // Lillehammer, Norwey –
1996, June, р. 46
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