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96
 May 2021
SCIENCE AND EDUCATION
PHILOLOGY
NATIONAL AND CULTURAL SPECIFICS OF THE SEMANTICS OF LINGUISTIC 
UNITS
Elmurodova Shaxzoda Shavkatovna
Student of master’s, Tashkent State Pedagogical University 
Annotation: The relevance of the study of national and cultural specifics has recently been 
recognized by world science and practice. Researchers approach the consideration of the national-
cultural specifics from different positions: some take it as a source language; for others, the initial 
is culture, the linguistic consciousness of members of a certain linguocultural community.
Key words: linguistic units, national and cultural specifics, source language, national-cultural 
semantics.
In linguistics, over the past decades, a tradition has already developed to study the reflection 
of national and cultural specifics in language and speech activity, in most cases these are studies 
related to the vocabulary of various languages. According to the linguistic-cultural theory of the 
word, the national specificity of the semantics of a lexical unit is provided by the content of 
national-cultural semantic shares in it. By national-cultural semantic shares, the authors mean those 
semantic features that are formed, formed within the boundaries of a certain ethnocultural and 
national-linguistic community.
The linguistic and cultural theory of the word is being developed in cultural linguistics, where it 
is customary to divide such units into those in which culturally significant information is contained 
in the denotative aspect of meaning (reality), and those in which culturally significant information 
is concentrated in the connotative aspect of meaning. The connotative aspect of meaning with this 
approach is the interpretation or addition of the denotative aspect with a variety of information: 
associative-background, empirical, cultural-historical or ideological nature.
For different types of national specifics of semantics, according to IA Sternin, different 
macrocomponents of meaning are responsible. [1] National and cultural specificity, being revealed 
in cases of complete (motivated) non-equivalence or absence / presence of certain components of 
meaning, due to the absence / presence of the corresponding features in the objects of material and 
spiritual culture called by the word, is concentrated in the denotative and empirical components of 
meaning; national-conceptual specificity, revealed in the case of unmotivated lacunae and interlingual 
generic mismatches, is concentrated in the denotative component; nationally evaluative and nationally 
emotional - in the connotative; the national-linguistic specificity, reflecting the differences between 
the units of the two languages, associated with the historically developed system of languages and not 
associated with the culture or the peculiarities of the people’s thinking, is represented in the structural 
macrocomponent of meaning.
The essential features of the language and even more so culture are revealed in comparison, in the 
comparative study of languages and cultures.
Let us demonstrate the identification of ethnic and cultural specifics using the example of the 
linguistic unit “tiger” in Russian and English. Ushakov’s Explanatory Dictionary gives the following 
definition of the linguistic unit “tiger”: “1) the largest predatory mammal of the cat family, orange-
yellow with black stripes; 2) a cruel, aggressive, ferocious person, a beast, an insidious person. “ [2]
According to the explanatory dictionary of the English language “tiger” is: “1) a very large solitary 
cat with a yellow-brown coat striped with black, native to the forests of Asia but becoming increasingly 
rare; 2) Fig.: A ferocious, bloodthirsty person”. [3]
Comparing the interpretations of the linguistic unit “tiger” in these two languages, we come to 
the conclusion that, undoubtedly, the tiger is understood by the speakers of the Russian and English 
languages, first of all, as a large predatory animal. The second main meaning of this word in the 
above languages is the figurative designation of a cruel ruthless person. Against the background of 
these universal values, nationally-specific values stand out clearly, which are of greater interest for 
research.

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