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 May 2021
SCIENCE AND EDUCATION
distributed computing system with high Byzantine fault tolerance. The blockchain has been described 
as “an open, distributed ledger that can record transactions between two parties efficiently and in a 
verifiable and permanent way[4]. 
The blockchain was invented by a person (or group of people) using the name Satoshi Nakamoto in 
2008 to serve as the public transaction ledger of the cryptocurrency bitcoin[6]. The identity of Satoshi 
Nakamoto remains unknown to date. The invention of the blockchain for bitcoin made it the first 
digital currency to solve the double-spending problem without the need of a trusted authority or 
central server. The basic scheme of blockchain technology is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1
Figure 1. The process of creating a blockchain block based on incoming
transactions (Merkl root)
As shown in Figure 1, transactions A and B generate a hash (A) and a hash (B) when the hash 
values are calculated. The hash values of A and B add up to form a hash (A + B) or a hash (AB). Both 
C and D transactions are hash (C) and hash (D) values. In the general case, a hash (CD) hash value 
is required to be calculated as above. In general, a Block 1 transaction is generated. In this case, all 
the data entered in the blocks is called a transaction. Of course, the basic computational operations 
in the process are performed using hash functions. Therefore, it is necessary to first study the hash 
functions [4]. A hash function is a mathematical or other type of function that calculates a message 
of a specified length in the output path when a variable message of arbitrary length is applied to the 
input path. The mathematical model of the hash function is as follows where is the variable length of 
the input path, h is the result of calculating the function, or the value of the hash function. The basic 
working principle of the hash function is shown in Figure 2 below.