Sаmаrkаnd stаtе institutе оf fоrеign lаnguаgеs fоrеign lаnguаgе аnd litеrаturе еnglish fаculty II

6. symbolism
Rev. 8.1-5: Incense is used as a symbol of prayer.
Rev. 13: The Beast symbolizes the Roman emperor and government.
7. idiom
Mt 23.24: "You strain out a gnat but swallow a camel."
Rev. 7.1: "After this I saw four angels standing at the four corners of the earth..."
( = an idiom based on language of appearance)
8. personification
Something inanimate (or divine) is given human form.
9. anthropomorphism
This type of personification involves ascribing human characteristics (physical form, human-like emotion, etc.) to God, in order to make Him more understandable to us.
10. apostrophe
In this indirect type of personification, the speaker addresses an inanimate object, him/herself, or others who cannot respond to the statement or question. Sometimes a psalmist addresses his soul ("Don't be downcast, O my soul!") or commands mountains and rivers to praise God.
11. allusion
An indirect reference to something else. The referent and meaning are understood from the cultural or personal context or knowledge.
12. type
A literary prefiguring: one person or item serves as a metaphorical prefigure or type of another that is to come later. That is, the first is a theological precursor and symbol for the latter in some particular respect. For example, Isaac in almost being sacrificed serves as a prefiguring and foreshadowing of Christ, Elijah prefigures John the Baptist, and the golden snake of Numbers 21 serves as a type of the cross of Christ (Jn 3.14).
13. word play
Biblical writers and speakers, especially prophetic and poetic writers, make plays on word meanings in the original Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek languages.
14. hyperbole
Literary exaggeration for emphasis or rhetorical effect.
15. paradox
A statement that seems illogical or contradictory on the surface, but actually conveys truth.
16. alliteration
Prophetic and poetic writers, such as Micah, Psalms, etc., use alliteration for narrative effect - use of the same initial consonants in a line. This is a technical device found in the original languages, which technical commentaries will point out.