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Ilova 2 (26.1)
Key words in talking about company relationships
Match each of the words or phrases on the left to an appropriate definition (a-1). Use the grid below. (See example):
1 bid a) A proportion of the total share capital of a company.
2 buyout b) Buying a majority of the shares in a company, and so
winning control over the company.
3 competitor
c) Joining together of the stock of two companies, so they
4 divestiture become part of the same company.
5 flotation d) The total equity capital of a company, held by
shareholders in the form of shares.
6 joint venture
e) An offer to buy part of the share capital of a company.
7 merger
f) A company which owns more than 50% of the shares
8 parent company in another company.
9 stake g) The relationship between two companies, both owned
by the same parent company.
10 sister company
h) Selling equity capital in a company, and so ending
11 stock ownership of the company.
12 takeover i) A situation where workers or management buy all the
equity (or more than 50%), or buy other assets, and so
gain control of a business.
j) A business which is trying to sell in the same market
as another business.
k) The open sale to private investors of shares in a
company on the Stock Exchange.
1) A temporary arrangement where two companies work
together for a particular project.
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Ilova 3
The international shopping spree of American consumers and businesses during the 1980s was baled on a surge in the dollar's value on the international markets. Swedish cars and French mineral water became much cheaper than similar U.S. products, and imports outpaced exports, sometimes to the tune or $100 billion per year, more than the size of most countries' total economy. These severe trade imbalances were caused, in part, by the persistent U.S. budget deficits.
A budget deficit is very different from a trade deficit, but the two end up effecting each other-sometimes disastrously for spendthrift economies. A government's budget deficit is the amount by which government expenditures exceed tax revenues, while a trade deficit results from a country importing more than it exports.
Most governments pay for their budget deficits by selling government bonds. Although these securities need to be paid back eventually, most governments find that it is political suicide to ask voters to pay higher taxes. They prefer to issue more government bonds to pay their bills. When it comes time to pay the interest on their bonds, governments usually just issue even more bonds, going further into debt. If
these borrowings are too large, it can have serious repercussions for the whole economy By borrowing to finance its budget deficits, a government pushes up interest rates. These higher interest rates attract foreign money looking for higher returns, increasing the value of the country's currency on the international markets Imported mineral water then becomes as inexpensive as domestic substitutes. When imports become less expensive and exports harder to sell on the world markets, countries begin to run trade deficits.
The large U.S trade deficits of the 1980s were part of a vicious circle of budget deficits leading to record trade deficits that gave Japan and many other countries the dollars to spend on U.S government bonds. In a way, the Japanese ended up trading videocassette recorders for pieces of paper-Treasury bonds that would one day have to be paid back by the U.S. government.
The awkward situation of one country using its trade surplus to pay for another government's budget deficits does not last forever. Foreign investors eventually lose confidence in a country with chronic budget and trade deficits, and when the time comes to pay the piper, the spendthrift country has to begin to pay back its debts. The result can sometimes be a collapsing currency and economic decline. Sooner or later, every country has to decide to limit spending and bring its budget and trade deficits under control.
Key words:
Store запас, склад zaxira, ombor
Rapid быстрый, скорый, крутой tez, tezkor
Expansion расширение, растягивание kengayish, hajmini oshirish.
Divorced развод, разделить nikoxdan ajralish.
Leadership руководство, предводительство boshqarmoq, qo`lga olmoq.
Sales продажа sotilish, sotish.
Incorporated объединяться, соединить birlashtirmoq.
Change перемена, изменены, обмен, пересадка o`zgarmoq.
Descriptive описательный, образный tasvirlovchi, bayon qiluvchi.
Executive исполнительный ijro etuvchi.
Route маршрут yo`nalish.
Insurance страхование sug`urta.
Real настоящий haqiqiy.
Estate поместье, имущество yer-mulk, mol-mulk.
Subsidiary вспомогательный, дополнительный yordamchi, ko`makchi.
Annual ежегодный, годовой yillik
Image образ qiyofa.
Local местный mahalliy.
EXERCISES: COMPREHENSION CHECK
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