partnerships with our suppliers and our workers, which will leave us with more
energy and talent to focus on the important thing, meeting the needs of our
customers. But all this requires overcoming one of the most powerful forces in
human nature: the resistance to change. To succeed in this world, you have to
change all the time.
When you look at what's happened to the American auto industry, it's
tempting to want to treat the Japanese unfairly—the way they treat us with their
protectionist laws. Our auto industry doesn't play on level ground. But I don't
think we should counter with protectionism because it doesn't address the real
problem: the quality of our product doesn't compete with that of the Japanese,
whether we want to admit it or not. The challenge is a great one for management.
What they have to do is build a partnership with their people.
I understand that this industry has all kinds of problems we haven't seen in
ours. I know that U.S. auto workers make $22 an hour versus $16 in Japan, and
that Mexican auto workers earn much less. I'm not saying I could solve all these
problems, but I'd love to have the fun of trying to take a unionized company
today and sell its people on the idea of having to be competitive globally—
whether it was in autos, or steel, or electronics. I'd love a chance at that, the
pleasure of seeing if they could be motivated into a team that would share in all
the company's success—and still have a union. It would take a powerful lot of
persuading to pull this off, but I guarantee it could be accomplished by
somebody obsessed and persistent enough. But if American management is
going to say to their workers that we're all in this together, they're going to have
to stop this foolishness of paying themselves $3 million and $4 million bonuses
every year and riding around everywhere in limos and corporate jets like they're
so much better than everybody else.
I'm not saying every company should necessarily be as chintzy as Wal-Mart.
Everybody's not in the discount business, consumed by trying to save every
possible dollar for their customers. But I wonder if a lot of these companies
wouldn't do just as well if their executives lived a little more like real folks. A lot
of people think it's crazy of me to fly coach whenever I go on a commercial flight,
and maybe I do overdo it a little bit. But I feel like it's up to me as a leader to set
an example. It's not fair for me to ride one way and ask everybody else to ride
another way. The minute you do that, you start building resentment and your
whole team idea begins to strain at the seams.
But now it's time for me to forget about all that's past and think about what I
really want the legacy of Wal-Mart to be in the future. I'd like to believe that as
Wal-Mart continues to thrive and grow, it can come to live up to what someone
once called us: the Lighthouse of the Ozarks. Only I hope we can spread the
concept further than our home region here in the foothills because we're really a
national company now. For Wal-Mart to maintain its position in the hearts of our
customers, we have to study more ways we can give something back to our
communities. I'm tremendously proud of the things we've done that I've already
mentioned. And we're already studying ways we can go further to stay involved,
to be more socially conscious all around. As I've said, our country desperately
needs a revolution in education, and I hope Wal-Mart can contribute at some
level, if for no other reason than selfish ones. Without a strong educational
system, the very free enterprise system that allows a Wal-Mart or an IBM or a
Procter & Gamble to appear on the scene and strengthen our nation's economy
simply won't work. You may have trouble believing it, but every time we've
tested the old saying, it has paid off for us in spades: the more you give, the more
you get.
Finally, a lot of folks ask me two related questions all the time. The first one is
could a Wal-Mart-type story still occur in this day and age? My answer is of
course it could happen again. Somewhere out there right now there's someone—
probably hundreds of thousands of someones—with good enough ideas to go all
the way. It will be done again, over and over, providing that someone wants it
badly enough to do what it takes to get there. It's all a matter of attitude and the
capacity to constantly study and question the management of the business.
The second question is if I were a young man or woman starting out today
with the same sorts of talents and energies and aspirations that I had fifty years
ago, what would I do? The answer to that is a little harder to figure out. I don't
know exactly what I would do today, but I feel pretty sure I would be selling
something, and I expect it would be at the retail level, where I could relate
directly to customers off the street. I think I'd study the retail field today and go
into the business that offered the most promise for the least amount of money.
Probably some kind of specialty retail, something to do with computers maybe,
or something like the Gap—even the Body Shop.
Anyway, the next time some overeager, slightly eccentric shopkeeper opens
up a business in your neck of the woods, before you write him off too quickly,
remember those two old codgers who gave me maybe sixty days to last in my
dime store down in Fayetteville. Go check the new store out. See what they've
got to offer, see how they treat you, and decide for yourself if you ever want to
go back. Because this is what it's really all about. In this free country of ours, that
shopkeeper's success is entirely up to you: the customer.
A POSTSCRIPT
For the last two years of Dad's life, he fought a difficult battle against a form of
bone cancer, multiple myeloma, which, from the time of diagnosis, he
understood would almost certainly prove fatal. Like every other challenge he
encountered in his life, he met this one head-on, full of optimism and ready to try
new ways of conquering the problem. So, with the encouragement of the whole
family—and the meticulous hands-on medical care management of my brother
John—Dad embarked on a variety of experimental treatment programs with a
group of excellent doctors.
He took his medicine, but he never dwelled on either the illness that had
befallen him or its potential cures. Rather, he seized the day. At the time of the
diagnosis, in early 1990, he had been working, somewhat ambivalently, on an
autobiography. He canceled that project, choosing instead to spend most of his
time and energy doing what he enjoyed most: flying his plane from town to
town, going from Wal-Mart to Wal-Mart, visiting with his beloved associates.
Toward the end of 1991, when he began to realize that his illness was catching up
with him and would soon limit his mobility, Dad—at the urging of our family
and others —again turned his attention to the idea of putting his story down on
paper while he still could. Once he decided to write it, he threw himself into this
book project with the same focus and energy he applied to everything he did in
life. He was very particular about what he wanted his book to be, and he worked
at it daily, making revisions, adding anecdotes, refining style points, urging
others to contribute their memories.
By early March, his spirits remained high as he continued work on the book,
but his physical condition was worsening. Then he received one of the great
surprises of his life. The White House wanted to present him with the
Presidential Medal of Freedom, our nation's highest civilian award. President
Bush and the First Lady would be traveling to Bentonville to present the medal
to Dad, and he was thrilled by the honor. At such an occasion, of course, Dad
could have invited anyone he wanted to attend the ceremony, but we hardly had
to ask whom he wanted to be there with him: his Wal-Mart associates.
The award was presented on the morning of Tuesday, March 17, in the
auditorium of the Wal-Mart general offices, where Dad had held forth on so
many Saturday mornings. The room was filled with several hundred of his
associates, and their affection for Dad on this special day was particularly
moving. They really outdid themselves, and I think they may even have startled
President and Mrs. Bush—not to mention the White House press corps—by
giving one of the most enthusiastic Wal-Mart cheers we've heard around here in
some time. Dad's pleasure was evident, and he called it "the highlight of our
entire career." Of course, he shared all the credit with his associates. But it was a
poignant day. He had to be rolled onto the stage in a wheelchair, and I think
most of the associates sensed that it would be their last get-together with him.
The room was full of pride that day—but also lots of memories, and many tears.
Here is what the presidential citation said of Dad:
An American original, Sam Walton embodies the entrepreneurial spirit and
epitomizes the American dream. Concern for his employees, a commitment to his
community, and a desire to make a difference have been the hallmarks of his career. By
sponsoring scholarships for Latin America, he has also worked to bring peoples closer
together and to share with others the American ideals he so well represents. A devoted
family man, business leader, and statesman for democracy, Sam Walton demonstrates the
virtues of faith, hope and hard work. America honors this captain of commerce, as
successful in life as in business.
A
few days later, Dad entered the University of Arkansas hospital in Little
Rock. Even in the final weeks of his life, he took great pleasure in doing what he
had always done. One of the last people he spoke with outside the family was a
local Wal-Mart manager who, at our request, dropped by to chat with Dad about
his store's sales figures for the week. Then, less than three weeks after receiving
the Medal of Freedom, and just days after his seventy-fourth birthday, Dad's
struggle with cancer finally ended. On Sunday morning, April 5, he died
peacefully—as inspirational in facing death as he had been in facing life. We will
all miss him.
—ROB WALTON
Chairman, Wal-Mart Stores Bentonville, Arkansas May 1992
CO-AUTHOR'S NOTE
Sam Walton had a long history of avoiding those who wanted to write about
him, and this book never would have come to be without several people whose
persistent pursuit of its subject spanned a number of years.
Much of the credit for my own involvement belongs to Marshall Loeb,
managing editor of
Fortune
—and my boss—who first dispatched me to the
Ozarks in December of 1988, with a clear understanding that taking no for an
answer simply wasn't an option. Kris Dahl, my agent at ICM, first encouraged
me to write a book, and listened patiently to the ups and downs of this particular
one for years.
More than anyone else, Doubleday vice president Bill Barry—the fast-talking,
letter-writing New York book "merchant"—deserves credit for somehow first
convincing Sam to write a book at all. His ongoing efforts have transcended all
normal roles of a publisher. Not the least of his contributions was selecting editor
Deb Futter, who rushed in where any sane person would have feared to tread.
She turned in a remarkable performance despite unbelievable deadline pressure,
as have so many people in other essential roles at Doubleday.
Inside Wal-Mart, there were co-conspirators as well. Without the patient,
shrewd encouragement of Sam's personal secretary, Becky Elliott, he would have
found some excuse to permanently postpone the book. From the outset, Wal-
Mart CEO David Glass lent it his official seal of approval, which meant all the
difference. And the entire Walton family supported the book. Helen Walton's
grace and hospitality under difficult circumstances were most appreciated, as
were her Razorback basketball tickets. Rob Walton's professional shepherding of
the project made it easier on everyone.
Finally, personal thanks to Kate Ellis and Jake Huey for enduring my absence
and peripatetic schedule without complaint. My only regret is that I am unable to
thank Sam Walton for giving me the opportunity to help him chronicle his
extraordinary life. Collaborating with Sam on anything was usually the
experience of a lifetime, and this book proved no exception.
—JOHN HUEY
Atlanta, Georgia May 1992
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