March 9, 2011
15:0
9in x 6in
Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
b1073-ch01
24
Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
done by the students themselves, i.e. they can be told to carry out the
proof of the theorem as a final problem. But even if teachers decide
that it would be better if they themselves sum up the discussion and
draw the necessary conclusions, the students will be prepared.
It must be pointed out here that genuine problem solving is often
too categorically contrasted with the solving of routine exercises. The
implication thus made is that in order to involve students in authentic
problem solving in class, they must be presented with a situation
that is altogether unfamiliar to them. Furthermore, because it is in
reality clear to everyone that nothing good can come of such an
exercise in the classroom, students are in fact not given difficult and
unfamiliar problems. Instead, they receive either mere rhetoric or else
long problems or
word problems in place of
substantive problems.
The whole difference between solving problems in class and solving
problems chosen at random at home lies in the fact that in class the
teacher can help — not by giving direct hints, but by organizing the
problem set in a meaningful way. Indeed, even problems that seem
absolutely analogous (such as problems 1 and 2 above) in reality
demand a certain degree of creativity and cannot be considered to
be based entirely on memory; this has been discussed, for example,
by the Russian psychologist Kalmykova (1981). A structured system
of problems enables students to solve problems that are challenging
in the full sense of the word. Yes, the teacher helps them by breaking
down a difficult problem into problems they are capable of solving, but
precisely as a result of this the students themselves learn that problems
may be broken down in this way and thus become capable of similarly
breaking down problems on their own in the future. This is precisely
the kind of scaffolding which enables students to accomplish what they
cannot yet do on their own, as described by Vygotsky (1986).
It is important to emphasize that the program in mathematics
has been constructed and remains constructed (even now, despite
reductions in the amount of time allocated for mathematics and
increases in the quantity of material studied) in such a way that it
leaves class time not only for introducing one or another concept,
but also for working with it. Consequently, even in lessons which
would be classified as lessons devoted to reinforcing what has already
been learned (according to the classification system discussed above),
March 9, 2011
15:0
9in x 6in
Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
b1073-ch01
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