Richards-Communicative-Language pdf

Factual recounts 

e.g., magazine articles

Personal recounts 

e.g., anecdotes, diary/journal entries,  

   

  biographies, autobiographies

Information reports 

e.g., fact sheets

Narratives 

e.g., stories, fables

Conversations and short  

e.g., dialogs, formal/informal letters, postcards,  

  functional texts 

  e-mail, notices

Task 20

How many of the text types above are relevant to your 

learners’ needs?

The Singapore syllabus also identifies the grammatical items that are 

needed in order to master different text types. For example, the following items 

are identified in relation to the text types of narratives and personal recounts at 

Secondary 2 level:

Adjectives, adjectival phrases, and clauses

Adverbs and adverbials

Connectors to do with time and sequence

Direct and indirect speech

Nouns, noun phrases, and clauses

Prepositions and prepositional phrases

Pronouns

Tenses to express past time

Verbs and verb phrases

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Communicative Language Teaching Today  39