Review of Renewable Energy-Based Charging Infrastructure for Electric Vehicles



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applied
sciences
Review
Review of Renewable Energy-Based Charging Infrastructure for
Electric Vehicles
Gamal Alkawsi
1,
* , Yahia Baashar
1
, Dallatu Abbas U
1,2
, Ammar Ahmed Alkahtani
1
and Sieh Kiong Tiong
1

Citation:
Alkawsi, G.; Baashar, Y.;
Abbas U, D.; Alkahtani, A.A.; Tiong,
S.K. Review of Renewable
Energy-Based Charging
Infrastructure for Electric Vehicles.
Appl. Sci.
2021
,
11
, 3847.
https://doi.org/10.3390/app11093847
Academic Editor: Yosoon Choi
Received: 9 March 2021
Accepted: 15 April 2021
Published: 24 April 2021
Publisher’s Note:
MDPI stays neutral
with regard to jurisdictional claims in
published maps and institutional affil-
iations.
Copyright:
© 2021 by the authors.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
This article is an open access article
distributed under the terms and
conditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
4.0/).
1
Institute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Selangor 43000, Malaysia;
yahia.baashar@uniten.edu.my (Y.B.); abbasdallatu@gmail.com (D.A.U.); ammar@uniten.edu.my (A.A.A.);
Siehkiong@uniten.edu.my (S.K.T.)
2
Department of Physics, Kaduna State University, Tafawa Balewa Way, Kaduna PMB 2339, Nigeria
*
Correspondence: gamal.abdulnaser@uniten.edu.my
Abstract:
With the rise in the demand for electric vehicles, the need for a reliable charging in-
frastructure increases to accommodate the rapid public adoption of this type of transportation.
Simultaneously, local electricity grids are being under pressure and require support from naturally
abundant and inexpensive alternative energy sources such as wind and solar. This is why the world
has recently witnessed the emergence of renewable energy-based charging stations that have received
great acclaim. In this paper, we review studies related to this type of alternative energy charging
infrastructure. We provide comprehensive research covering essential aspects in this field, including
resources, potentiality, planning, control, and pricing. The study also includes studying and clarifying
challenges facing this type of electric charging station and proposing suitable solutions for those
challenges. The paper aims to provide the reader with an overview of charging electric vehicles
through renewable energy and establishing the ground for further research in this vital field.

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