Review of international relations • 14(3) • 2021

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MGIMO REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS • 14(3) • 2021
of Andijan in 2005. The normalization process began when the minister of foreign 
affairs, Ahmet Davutoglu, visited Uzbekistan in 2014. Since Shavkat Mirziyoyev was 
president in 2016, a new era in bilateral relations has begun. The two countries have 
established the High-Level Strategic Cooperation Council. In addition, Turkey and 
Uzbekistan hold meetings within the Council of the Joint Economic Commission and 
Joint Strategic Planning Group.
Turkey's relations with Kyrgyzstan, on the one hand, are generally stable. They 
established The High-Level Strategic Cooperation Council as a mechanism of bilateral 
relations in 2011. Moreover, political consultations proceed with the Joint Strategic 
Planning Group meetings between ministers of foreign affairs. On the other hand, 
between Turkmenistan and Turkey, bilateral relations primarily developed in the eco-
nomic field. From the 1990s to the current days, Turkey has become a significant trade 
partner in the economy of Turkmenistan. Two states hold regular high-level meetings. 
Besides, other meetings of different ministers regularly play an essential role in the 
development of bilateral relations. 
Finally, because of the civil war in Tajikistan during the 1990s, Turkey and Ta-
jikistan's bilateral relations began to develop in the 2000s. The visit of prime minister 
Erdogan to this country in 2003 marks the beginning of a new era. In 2012, The Re-
public of Turkey and the Republic of Tajikistan signed The Joint Statement to establish 
a Cooperation Council. 
Turkey maintains positive relations with all states of the region, using bilateral 
institutions to reinforce them. 
Economic Relations
Given its geographical proximity to major energy routes, Turkey strives to play a 
decisive role in energy transportation projects to Europe. Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, 
and Azerbaijan (a South Caucasus country) are the leading regional partners in Tur-
key's energy policy. There is no borderland between Turkey and Central Asia. There-
fore, the South Caucasus region is a trade route from Central Asia to Europe. From 
the 1990s to the present day, different energy pipeline projects emerged, such as the 
Baku – Tbilisi – Ceyhan oil pipeline (2006), the Trans-Anatolian Natural Gas Pipeline 
(TANAP) in 2018, and the Baku – Tbilisi – Kars railway (2017).
In parallel with the Turkish economy's steady growth from the 2000s (with an 
average annual growth performance of 5.37% until 2020
2
), Central Asia has become a 
significant region in Turkish economic policy. Turkey's bilateral trade with the coun-
tries of Central Asia has increased steadily. Between 2014 and 2018, Turkey exported 
38.94 billion dollars to the countries of the region
3
. In 2018, Turkey's trade volume 
2
Real GDP Forecast. 
OECD
. URL: https://data.oecd.org/gdp/real-gdp-forecast.htm. (accessed 10.06.2021)
3
Türk Cumhuriyetlerine 5 Yılda 24.5 Milyar Dolarlık İhracat. 
Anadolu Ajansı. 
October 10, 2019. URL: https://www.aa.com.tr/
tr/ekonomi/turk-cumhuriyetlerine-5-yilda-24-5-milyar-dolarlik-ihracat/1614208 (accessed 10.06.2021)

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А.Э. Суджу, К.И. Искандаров, Р.Б. Махмудов, Д.Н. Чернов
ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИЕ СТАТЬИ