About Emerald www.emeraldinsight.com
Emerald is a global publisher linking research and practice to the benefit of society. The company
manages a portfolio of more than 290 journals and over 2,350 books and book series volumes, as
well as providing an extensive range of online products and additional customer resources and
services.
Emerald is both COUNTER 4 and TRANSFER compliant. The organization is a partner of the
Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and also works with Portico and the LOCKSS initiative for
digital archive preservation.
Downloaded by University of Malaya At 19:20 06 June 2016 (PT)
*Related content and download information correct at time of download.
Downloaded by University of Malaya At 19:20 06 June 2016 (PT)
Restoration of historical timber
building: a Malaysian case study
Umi Kalsum Zolkafli
Quantity Surveying Department, University of Malaya,
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Zahiriah Yahya
Estate Management Department, University of Malaya,
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Norhanim Zakaria
Quantity Surveying Department, University of Malaya,
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, and
Farid Wajdi Akashah and Azlan Shah Ali
Building Surveying Department, University of Malaya,
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Abstract
Purpose
–
The purpose of this paper is to identify the most influential buildings elements in term
of the cost for timber restoration works.
Design/methodology/approach
–
The research employed the case studies methods with
questionnaires surveys. Two case studies were chosen and questionnaire surveys were distributed
to contractors and consultation companies. The cost was identified based on the elemental cost
analysis of historic timber buildings.
Findings
–
The restoration of historic timber buildings in Malaysia has grown rapidly, especially in
the UNESCO world heritage sites, Melaka and Penang. Data obtained on the restorations of timber
buildings show that the most influential elements were upper floors, roofs and walls.
Termites
’
invasions and the lack of building analysis were found to be the major issue in timber
restoration works. In addition, the availability of timber material contributed significantly to the
increase of cost for restoration works.
Originality/value
–
The cost for every element was identified and was used as a reference for new
restorations projects of historical, timber buildings. This paper also highlighted the causes for the
problems and the factors affecting the cost of timber restoration works. These data are useful
information, especially for surveyors and contractors who are involved in the restoration of historic
timber buildings. Maintaining or replacing these elements with other material can help to minimise the
restoration cost of timber buildings in Malaysia.
Keywords
Refurbishment, Historic building, Restoration cost, Timber
Paper type
Research paper
1. Introduction
Timber is a construction material with its own unique characteristics; hence,
the number of timber, historic buildings that still are standing showed the greatness of
the building techniques from the days of the past. Historic buildings are artefacts that
give us a sense of wonder, nostalgia and even make us want to learn more about the
Structural Survey
Vol. 33 No. 4/5, 2015
pp. 309-321
© Emerald Group Publishing Limited
0263-080X
DOI 10.1108/SS-01-2015-0004
Received 18 January 2015
Revised 22 March 2015
4 June 2015
29 June 2015
31 July 2015
Accepted 25 August 2015
The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available on Emerald Insight at:
www.emeraldinsight.com
/
0263-080X.htm
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the University of Malaya Research
Grant (UMRG), Grant No. RG179/12SUS established at the University of Malaya, Sustainability
Science Research Cluster.
309
Restoration
of historical
timber
building
Downloaded by University of Malaya At 19:20 06 June 2016 (PT)
people and culture that produced them (Feilden, 2003). Killman
et al.
(1994) mentioned
that timber was traditionally used as the main building material in the rural areas of
Malaysia. Old kampong houses, as well as the royal palaces were usually built entirely
out of timber. Timber was particularly used for structural framing, and to build walls,
the building frames and the roof. However, many timber buildings had deteriorated due
to the lack of maintenance combined with fungicidal attacks. This can be considered as
a great loss of a significant part of our history. Ahmad and Abdul-Rahman (2005) found
that many historical buildings are inevitably ageing and share the common problems
such age leakage, dampness and termite attacks, In order to prevent further
deterioration of these buildings, conservation through the process of restoration was
found to help prolong the lifespan of the timber buildings. Conservation projects for
the buildings normally involve works that are least accurate to predetermine the
specification, duration and cost of the process. This is because the building restoration
projects are often unique and cannot be duplicated; hence, there are no precedent cases
for research. There are also only a handful of specialists on the knowledge regarding
conservation projects (Reyers and Mansfield, 2001). Woon and Mui (2010) added that
the lack of complete costing information for restoration projects has led to the difficulty
in preparing an n estimated of cost for budgeting. This lack of information, coupled
with lack of understanding by quantity surveyors on the intricacies of restoration
works, may cause the cost estimates to be missed out. Furthermore, Awang
et al.
(2008)
added that timber resource is a major component of tropical forest and is usually being
undervalued economically.
The conservations of historic timber buildings in Malaysia have been implemented
not without challenges and barriers. The most notable barriers in historic timber
buildings restorations and conservation are the depletion of high-quality timber and the
lack of skilled tradesmen in timber buildings restoration. The International Specialised
Skills Institute (2011) noted that the lack of skilled craftsmen, especially those with
traditional carpentry skills and the scarcity of quality timber pose serious challenges to
conservation activities of historic timber structures. The Institute noted further that the
old and durable timber types used in historic structures are increasingly rare and their
supply are becoming more scarce. This stresses the critical needs for making sure such
“
irreplaceable heritage fabric and the associated skills are not lost
”
(p. 13).
Therefore, it is important to study and understand the properties of timber before
considering its use in any restoration work. The aim of this paper is to identify factors
affecting the timber restoration costs for every element in a completed restored
historical timber buildings. The study also extended to identify the most influential
building element associated with cost of restoration.
2. Historical timber building
Historically, timber is one of the oldest materials used by men for structural purposes.
Each country provides different kinds timber depending on the climate and viability of
different species of trees. In Malaysia, there are varieties of timber types such as
“
balau
”
,
“
bintangor
”
,
“
chengal
”
,
“
meranti
”
,
“
kempas
”
,
“
keriung
”
and
“
nyatoh
”
; these
timbers are used in construction of buildings. Killman
et al.
(1994) mentioned that
timber was still largely used for the floors, internal walls, porches and verandas, ceiling,
roofs, staircases, doors and windows in both rural and urban dwellings, shop houses
and office buildings. This is because the importance of these timbers, historic buildings
cannot be neglected. Yip (2011) reported that the old building reflects the national
identity and hence, must be conserved for the future. Historic buildings that are mostly
310
SS
33,4/5
Downloaded by University of Malaya At 19:20 06 June 2016 (PT)
built by timber have their own unique values. However, every types of construction
material would have their strengths and weaknesses. Killman
et al.
(1994) stated that
wood is a transient material; therefore, actions must be taken to guarantee a longer
lifespan of the timber materials in the buildings. These measures depend on the timber
species and its end-uses. Therefore, a restoration method can be applied in protecting
the timber buildings. Feilden (2003) mentioned that the objectives of restorations are
to revive the original elements or preserve the legibility of the objects. Thus, restoration
and re-integration of details and features occurs frequently and conducted based
upon respecting the original designs and authentic documents in the building.
The replacement of missing or decayed parts must integrate harmoniously with the
whole building, but must be distinguishable from the original on close inspections so
that the restoration process does not falsify the archaeological or historical evidences
found in the specified. Harun (2011) mentioned that restoration means the process of
accurately recovering the forms and details of a structure or part of a structure and its
settings, as it appeared at some period of time. This is done through removing the
depleted works and replacing the missing original work. Ahmad (2004) expressed that
the understanding on the nature of the building materials is the most important aspect
in the restoration process of historic buildings. Selection of wrong materials and
inappropriate methods of installation can cause damages not only to the part being
fixed but might also affect the whole historical buildings. Thus, conservators,
architects, engineers, builders, building surveyors, contractors and others that are
involved in building conservation should become familiar with the building materials
before going further into the repair and maintenance process of historic buildings,
structures and monuments (Oram, 1994).
The main objectives of the restoration process of timber buildings are to replace any
damaged part of the building, to protect and prevent any further deterioration in
the timber parts, to maintain the strength and function of the timber, to enable the
continuous use of timber materials and to restore the aesthetical values and looks of the
buildings. Therefore, scientific studies and laboratory tests were carried out to discover
the best ways to tackle the problems by using the appropriate techniques, methods and
materials available. The various techniques are based on what commonly used by the
conservators and building contractors for the restoration of historic buildings in
Malaysia. The selection of techniques for timber building conservations depends
on the cost, selected approaches, total building condition and its level of deterioration
and the availability of resources (Mustafa
et al.
, 2011), hence, a deep understanding and
knowledge of restoration techniques and its effects on the restoration works on timber
buildings is necessary. Ahmad and Abdul-Rahman (2005) argued that the techniques
and methods appropriate for historic preservation are vital to ensure that authenticity
and significance of a building were being conserved and the originality of the buildings
will never be affected. Furthermore, fungi and insect attack found to be the usual
problems that arose from historic timber buildings (Wong, 2009). Timber defects such as
loose knots or deep shakes can also allow the ingress of water, which will cause
dampness and decay. Besides that, deep cracks on the timber surface may also house
insects such as beetles and their eggs. Insects usually find shelter in holes on the timber
surfaces. Beetle or termites attack can occur even when timbers remain dry while fungi
will attack the timbers in wet conditions. Other than fungi and insect attacks, weather,
inappropriate method of restoration and mechanical failure can cause problems in
historic timber building. Kleboe (2004) noted that dry rot in buildings could be due to bad
maintenance, bad design or inappropriate use. Thus, the restoration process is important
311
Restoration
of historical
timber
building
Downloaded by University of Malaya At 19:20 06 June 2016 (PT)
to overcome such problems and to prolong the lifespan of the historical timber buildings.
It is difficult to get any sort of figures regarding the average cost of repairing the decayed
or damaged timber structures due to the special skills needed for the restoration of
historic timber building. Hence, the restoration cost for historic timber buildings can only
be roughly determined once the nature and scope of works have been identified.
3. Research methodology
This study employed the triangulation technique, which combined the qualitative and
quantitative methods. The qualitative approach was used to obtain preliminary
information about the historical timber buildings, the restoration techniques and
methods, being used and an overview of the cost for timber buildings restorations.
Two case studies of timber historic buildings were presented in this paper. The case
study approach utilised provided case-base data regarding the actual restoration work
of timber buildings. These case studies provided the most suitable and real-context
scenario for obtaining data regarding timber buildings restoration techniques and
methods, as well as providing an overview of the costs that are involved in the
restoration of timber buildings. According to Yin (2009), this case study approach seeks
to investigate a phenomenon in its
“
real-life
”
context, especially when the
“
why
”
and
“
how
”
questions are put forward and the investigators has minimal control over the
events, Yin (2003) posted that the case study is the preferred method as it also allows
the utilisation of the multiple data collection methods.
Quantitative research method was used to study the common problems and the cost
involved for historic timber buildings restoration. In total, 30 sets of questionnaires
survey forms were distributed among experienced contractors and consultants in
building conservation projects. The questionnaire survey form consisted of 16
questions, which included both open ended and closed questions. The questionnaire
was divided into five sections which are general/company information, past
conservation and preservation projects experiences, problems in historic timber
buildings
’
repairs and restoration and finally, the cost of restoration. The respondents
were required to either tick (
|
) the answer of the multiple choice question, asked to rate
the extents to which they agree to the specific fact on the questionnaire or to give
opinion s and writing down the answers for the open questions. There were also scaled
items where respondents chose the point on a scale, which represents their views.
There are three parts in the questionnaire that used this rating scale. This rating scale
was used to measure the opinion or perception of the respondents. In the questionnaire
survey, the five-point Likert scale was used with choices that ranged from
“
Strongly
disagree
”
to
“
Strongly agree
”
.
4. Discussion and findings
4.1 Case studies
4.1.1 Case study I: restoration of a timber mosque
. The timber mosque was built in
1936. The uniqueness of this mosque can be seen in the design that resembles like the
shape of a birdcage. The entire whole walls were made of woven bamboo oil.
The conditions of the elements were recorded before the restoration and the original
materials were identified. The main problem in this project is the preservation of the
wall because of the absence of skilled artisans who is specialised to make wicker.
In addition, there was also a shortage of bamboo materials. The restoration works took
six months to complete.
312
SS
33,4/5
Downloaded by University of Malaya At 19:20 06 June 2016 (PT)
From the contract sum, analyses were made to identify the cost for every element.
It was found that the building cost contributed to the highest percentage of cost, which
was 55 per cent of the contract sum. This is followed by the preliminaries works
(26 per cent) and prime cost sum (19 per cent) of the contract sum.
The analysis on the cost of restoring the building elements, found that the upper
floor has the highest percentage of the building cost (20 per cent). This was due to the
serious damages, decay, buckle, fractures and loss of timber floors and the girders.
In total, 19 per cent of building cost went to the windows where 20 new windows were
installed to replace the decayed and damaged windows. All the windows had special
and unique design. The wall took up 16 per cent from the building cost, as the entire
wall replaced new. The roof restoration cost was also high, which took up 14 per cent of
the overall cost. Meanwhile, the restoration of the roof includes a new structure and a
temporary roof. The existing structure is still in good condition, therefore, there was no
restoration that need to be done. The detailed restoration cost for this mosque is shown
in Figure 1 and Table I.
4.1.2 Case study II: restoration of a timber house
. This timber house was built in
1850. It is a traditional Malay house with a combination of Chinese and European styles
architecture. The rear house and the kitchen house are separated from the mother
house by a courtyard. It has two entrances at the side and the back. There is apparent
influence of Chinese design and this house has a tiled Dutch roof as well. The whole
building was painted with multi-coloured motifs. The construction period allocated in
the contract was 24 weeks and there was an extension of 31 weeks.
From the contract sum, analyses were made to identify the cost for every element.
The building cost formed the highest percentage, which was 71 per cent of the contract
sum. Then, followed by preliminaries works (17 per cent) and prime cost sum which
was 19 per cent of the contract sum.
A detailed analysis on the cost was made in regards to the building elements. The frame
element had the highest percentage of the total building cost that was 36 per cent of
building cost. This is because the decayed and damaged timber columns and beams need
to replaced while treatment had to be carried out to the existing timber structures that are
still in good conditions. Roof elements also had quite a high percentage, which was
32 per cent of the building cost. The roof design is very complicated, as it required the
reinstallation of the existing roof finishes, and the replacement of the damaged timber roof
structures. Meanwhile, 17 per cent of building cost went to the timber floors where wall
only took 7 per cent of building cost. Other elements such as doors, windows and ceilings
only formed small parts of the works; hence, they did not cost much. The detail restoration
cost for timber house is shown in Figure 2 and Table I.
Ceiling
3%
Window
19%
Staircase
6%
Door
3%
Wall finishes
7%
Roof
14%
Anti-termite Works
3%
Upper Floor
20%
Wall
16%
Frame
5%
Figure 1.
Cost of restoration
for timber mosque
313
Restoration
of historical
timber
building
Downloaded by University of Malaya At 19:20 06 June 2016 (PT)
Case
study
1
Case
study
2
GFA
(M2)
100
GFA
(M2)
204
Item
Description
Total
cost
(RM)
Cost/M2
(RM)
%
Total
cost
(RM)
Cost/M2
(RM)
%
Remarks
1
Work
below
lowest
floor
finish
8,256.00
82.56
3
––
0
Case
study
1
Works
involved
was
mainly
on
the
anti-termite
treatment
2
Frame
13,980.00
139.80
5
157,500.00
772.06
35
Case
study
1
Most
of
the
column
and
beam
are
still
in
good
condition.
Basically
works
involved
mostly
on
testing,
anti-termite
treatment
to
the
existing
timber
and
replacement
of
damaged
timber
column.
Only
3
nos
of
columns
being
replaced
for
this
project
Case
study
2
The
decayed
and
damaged
timber
column
and
beam
were
replaced.
Cleaning,
treatment
and
painting
were
done
to
the
timber
column
and
beam
which
are
in
good
condition
3
Upper
floor
56,616.00
566.16
20
75,000.00
367.65
17
Case
study
1
The
existing
timber
floor
was
being
analysed
in
order
to
identify
the
type
of
timber
used
and
the
type
of
existing
painting
used.
Most
of
the
timber
floor
was
being
restored
to
the
existing
state
Case
study
2
The
existing
timber
floor
was
being
analysed
in
order
to
identify
the
type
of
timber
used
and
the
type
of
existing
painting
used.
Treatment
was
done
the
existing
floor.
Only
small
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |