Research students

Translate the sentences in which you can use the words and word-combinations expressing “tendency”.

1. 
   Все больше студентов БГУ склоняются к получению последипломного образования.
   
2. 
   Заочная аспирантура становится популярным выбором аспирантов, поскольку позволяет сочетать работу и учебу.
   
3. 
   Есть тенденция рассматривать магистерский курс как платформу для дальнейшего обучения в аспирантуре.
   
4. 
   Современные диссертации становятся более прагматичными в контексте использования результатов исследований.
   

SECTION IV
TOP SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ISSUES


Visits
I. Read the information below. Comment on the difference between state, official and working visits.

The Department of Foreign Affairs recommends what level of visit a Head of State pays to the country. It could be classified as a state visit, official visit, or working visit.

A state visit is a formal visit by a head of state to a foreign country, at the invitation of that country’s head of state, with the latter also acting as the official host for the duration of the state visit. State visits are considered to be the highest expression of friendly bilateral relations between two sovereign states, and are in general characterised by an emphasis on official public ceremonies. Arrival ceremonies include the playing of the national anthems of the two nations, a review of the honor guards, and rendering of full military honors, including a 21-gun salute for the head of state. A state luncheon or dinner is held in honor of the visiting head of state. There can also be a cultural presentation at the end of the dinner or luncheon. The host country shoulders the costs for the visit for the official delegation only. This may include accommodations and providing vehicles for travel unless the delegation chooses to provide its own. State visits reflect the highest level of hospitality, honor and formality in relations between nations. They often include the exchange of symbolic gifts and visits to various national memorials and other cultural activities.
On an official visit high-ranking officials (cabinet level to head of government) are invited to visit another country by its government. Honors are given if the foreign official is the head of government, but not so for cabinet-rank officials. No luncheon or dinner is required. The host country pays for the visit’s cost for the official delegation unless the delegation opts to provide for its own needs.
No invitation is necessary for a working visit. An official meets with his counterpart to discuss issues concerning both countries. The host country does not pay for the accommodations or other expenses of the official delegation during working visits.
A summit visit (or just summit) is a meeting of heads of state or government, usually with considerable media exposure, tight security, and a prearranged agenda.