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Dosimeters (column) Frazer - Sex + logos - teaching) - the sustainable nature of language units in the structure of complex science: the cat cried out after the English . Phraseology is also referred to as the sum of complex compounds of these stable compounds - phraseological units .
Phraseologisms, unlike lexical units, have a number of characteristic features.
1. Phraseologisms are always complex in composition , they are formed by combining several components, they usually have a particular stress, but do not retain the meaning of independent words: puzzle, blood with milk, dog ate. (Prepositions turns compounds of this type does not apply to units under kondachka .)
2. Phraseologisms are semantically inseparable , they usually have an inseparable meaning and can be expressed in one word: throwing the mind - "thinking" the fifth wheel in the car - "excess" up - "back" - shouted the cat - "less" and so on. True, this feature is not specific to all phraseological units. There are those who equate the whole descriptive phrase run forward - “get into a very difficult situation”, press all the pedals - "to make every effort to achieve or accomplish something." Such phraseological units arise as a result of the figurative revision of free word combinations.
3. Phraseologisms are characterized by the strength of the composition, in contrast to free word combinations . One or another component of phraseology cannot be replaced by a word whose meaning is close, while free expressions allow them to be easily replaced. For example, instead of shouting the cat can't say "the cat cried", "the kitten screamed", "the dog screamed" instead of throwing the mind - "shake your head", "throw your head"; (compare free phrases I read a book, I looked at a book, I read a book, I read a novel, I read a story, I read a screenplay ).
But there are possibilities in some phraseological units : from the bottom of my heart - from the bottom of my heart, put a shadow on the chalk grid - cast a shadow on a clear day. However, the presence of options does not mean that the composition in these phraseological units can be arbitrarily updated: I cannot say “from the whole spirit”, “from the whole mind” , as well as “ cast a shadow on the grid” (clearly in the morning) ).
4. Phraseologisms distinguish reproductive ability . Unlike the free phrases we form directly in speech, phraseological units are applied in a ready-made form as our memory holds them. So in the chest we certainly say friend (not: friend, acquaintance, boyfriend, comrade ), sworn but only enemy (not enemy, pest ) This is evidenced by the components of the phraseological units of prophecy .
5. Structure rigidity of most phraseological units : You cannot arbitrarily include any element in their composition. Thus, to know frazeologiyani below have no right to say, "look", "down down down down down", "look" , and so on. Stimulate passions with the exception of phraseological units that allow you to add some skilled words - mix destructive passions .
The structural feature of some phraseological units is that their presence is completed along with the cut : go through fire and water (... and copper pipes); drink a cup - drink a cup of bitters (at the bottom), measure seven times (... cut once) . In such cases, the decrease in the composition of phraseological units is explained by the desire to save speech resources.
6. The stability of the grammatical form in relation to phraseological units is their components: each member of the phraseological combination is repeated in a certain grammatical form that cannot be changed arbitrarily. So you can't say "hit the bacillus", "crush the lassa" plural forms parsley singular forms, don't use full quality instead of short phraseological units barefoot , etc. Only in exceptional cases can the grammatical forms change within separate phraseological units: warm - warm Calls
7. The order of fixed words is strictly characteristic for many phraseologies . For example, in phraseological units you can’t rearrange the components , everything flows, everything changes, neither light nor dawn; blood with milk, etc. At the same time, the character turns of units, consisting of acts and words related parts allow you to change: Dial the mouth of the mouth of the water - water harvesting; not to leave a stone on a stone - not to leave a stone .
The heterogeneity of the structure of a number of phraseological units is explained by the fact that phraseology combines much different linguistic material and the boundaries of some phraseological units are not clearly defined.
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