Reja: Barqaror birikmalar haqida ma'lumot

Phraseological compounds   are phraseological units, the holistic meaning of which consists of the meaning of the components, and at the same time one of the components has a use called a compound. To understand how it is related to use, we look at speed: it takes fear, jealousy, anger. The verb “to take” used in these twists does not combine with any emotional name, only with some, for example: “takes pleasure,” “takes pleasure,” and so on. Such use of the verb is called dependent (or phraseologically connected). Appropriate - the use of the word delicate in terms of delicate matter, delicate business; with other horses, even close to the words of question and action

As in phraseological units, most of the words that make up phraseological compounds do not have a free meaning at all and exist in the language only in the context of phraseological units. For example, in modern Russian, the words “look down” can only be used by adding together the phrases “look down, look down, eyes are hell, darkness”.

Such types, in which the word is used in a free, phraseologically connected sense, are called phraseological compounds.

The semantics of phraseology depends in many ways on its structural structure. Some phraseological units are formed according to the scheme of distribution: to collect their brains, others - according to the scheme of sentences: hands itchy (from whom?), The sky with blue skin (to whom?) Seemed. The phraseology of the first group has the greatest functional-semantic affinity to the word.

Phraseologisms formed according to the model of unexpected expressions can be homogeneous and ambiguous, enter into synonymous and antonymic relations, merge into thematic rows on the basis of semantic association, and so on.

Most of the phraseological units are not the same. The development of uncertainty is hindered by the fact that phraseological units are often formed as a result of metaphorical revision of free expressions of the same content. Repeated metaphorization of the same free expression results in vague phraseological units that simply have metaphorical meanings. For example, the phraseology that shakes the tail means:

1. 
   "Cunning, divorce"; "You, brother, I'm sorry, I'm a taiga man, right, I don't know how to cheat, how to know my tail" (Yu.M. Shestakov);
   
2. 
   "Doubt in choosing a solution and avoid direct answers": "Speak! Do not shake your tail ... suma" (ME Sltikov-Shchedrin);
   
3. 
   (in front of whom?) "to flatter, to serve to gain someone's favor." “Because of personal relationships, family accounts can be said, the tail can be wagged in front of the plant owner ...” (DN Mamin-Sibiryak).
   

Uncertainty is the most characteristic feature of verbal and adverbial verbs and is specific to less nominal (adjectives, etc.).

Individual phraseological units are capable of combining opposite meanings. For example, the rotation of the verb in the beginning may mean:

1. 
   "Always in the mind, excites the mind." “A chaotic dream came out of my head, it was broken several times by waking up at night” (MA Bulgakov);
   
2. 
   "I don't remember": "It seems so easy to remember: it turns in my head, it turns in pain, and I don't know exactly what. There's no way to catch it" (V. Garm).
   

In phraseology, anonymous relationships are less developed than synonyms. Only phraseological units enter into anonymous relationships and fall into a category of objective reality, such as qualitative, quantitative, temporal, spatial, and similar exclusive concepts, according to a certain criterion.

The antonym of phraseological units is often supported by antonymic combinations of their lexical synonyms: seven spaces on the forehead (smart) - they don’t shoot (stupid); blood with milk (red) - no blood on the face (pale).

Anonymous phraseological units are composed of components that are partially identical in composition, but have opposite meanings: with a heavy heart - with a light heart. Components that give opposite meanings to such phraseological units are often lexical antonyms, but they can take on opposite meanings only as part of phraseological units (face-back).

The most striking semantic feature of phraseological units is their ability to enter into synonymous connections and relationships with each other: driving with the nose, deceiving the head - dishonesty, deceiving someone.

Phraseological synonymy is rich and colorful. There are about 800 synonyms in Russian. Through phraseological synonyms, it was agreed to understand phraseological units with very close meanings, as a rule, similar to or similar to a part of speech.

Phraseological synonyms can be single-structured, multi-structured, and similar structures. Structural synonyms are formed according to the same model: Kolomenskaya verst and fire tower - according to the "horse" model. them. n. + adj. "Different structural synonyms are structured according to different models: head, sloping bay, eyes closed. In similar structural synonyms, the grammatically dominant component of phraseological units is expressed in one part of speech, while the rest are heterogeneous: hang your head. put down, lose heart - get depressed, get frustrated. "

Phraseologisms that fall into a series of synonyms can differ in meaning shades, stylistic colors, and sometimes all of these characters at the same time.

Because of polemia, phraseological units can have synonymous connections in every sense. There is a wide range of synonyms that have a common meaning in Russian: “rebuke with harsh words”: give warmth, put on a pair, remove chips, give my head soap, light.

Many synonymous rows are semantically related. So the phraseological synonyms don’t take an extra step, don’t hit your finger with your finger (don’t move a little) intersect with two synonymous lines: hit the squirrel, make a fool of yourself, spit on the ceiling (stupidly, lazily) and walk away. , glistening boulevards, elephants for walking (walking, around bread).

Phraseological synonymy not only approaches the lexicon, but differs from it. Phraseologisms are much poorer than words in the lexical-grammatical sense. Thus, there is no correct pronunciation category among phraseological units, and in rare cases phraseological units correspond to complete forms of adjectives. At the same time, phraseological synonyms often convey similar aspects of reality that cannot be expressed by lexical synonymy. For example, the idiom of a series of synonymous series, a wind whistle in a pocket (for whom?), An empty pocket (for whom?), A penny for John (for whom?) Can only be explained by an extended definition: “no who has no money, no one. signs of prosperity. "

Phraseological synonyms differ from each other lexically and stylistically: phraseological units have a stylistic homogeneity rather than free words. This is because phraseological units are mainly characterized by emotionally expressive coloring.

* The main feature of the phraseological unit (phraseological unit) as an integral part of the language system is, first of all, the feature of compatibility with other units.

Depending on the semantics of the verb, the phraseological unit can have a single, narrow, or broad correspondence. Phraseologism in all eyes (in both cases, in both eyes) is combined with verbs of visual perception of the semantic category of action, which implies its narrow lexical-semantic correspondence: various monovalent, divisible, trivalent and others. PSUs are described only in relation to the number of conjugation verbs, viz. only the quantitative side of the valence is taken into account. The qualitative aspect of valence, which is determined by the nature of the semantic relations between unifying units, is not revealed by this approach, which requires further research in the field of “power” possibilities of phraseological units. In addition, in some cases it is possible to use one of two terms in a scientific linguistic text, which indicates the difference between their use and function: valence possibilities / compatibility ability, compounding ability, verb valence (but incompatibility). It is recommended to use the term “Valencia” to avoid the occurrence of uncertainty and uncertainty: compatibility, as we have defined, is divided into several types according to different criteria. But “valence” successfully meets the requirements of the terms and helps to avoid ambiguity and to achieve the accuracy of the noun - in the context of our work - “verbal valence of phraseological units”. this shows the difference between their use and function: valence possibilities / compatibility ability, compounding ability, verb valence (but incompatibility). It is recommended to use the term “Valencia” to avoid the occurrence of uncertainty and uncertainty: compliance, as we have identified, is divided into several types according to different criteria. But “valence” successfully meets the requirements of the terms and helps to avoid ambiguity and to achieve the accuracy of the noun - in the context of our work - “verbal valence of phraseological units”. this shows the difference between their use and function: valence possibilities / compatibility ability, compounding ability, verb valence (but incompatibility). It is recommended to use the term “Valencia” to avoid the occurrence of uncertainty and uncertainty: compatibility, as we have defined, is divided into several types according to different criteria. But “valence” successfully meets the requirements of the terms and helps to avoid ambiguity and to achieve the accuracy of the noun - in the context of our work - “verbal valence of phraseological units”. it is recommended to use the term to avoid the occurrence of uncertainty and uncertainty: compliance, as we have defined, is divided into several types according to different criteria. But “valence” successfully meets the requirements of the terms and helps to avoid ambiguity and to achieve the accuracy of the noun - in the context of our work - “verbal valence of phraseological units”. it is recommended to use the term to avoid the occurrence of uncertainty and uncertainty: compliance, as we have defined, is divided into several types according to different criteria. But “valence” successfully meets the requirements of the terms and helps to avoid ambiguity and to achieve the accuracy of the noun - in the context of our work - “verbal valence of phraseological units”.

* The main part of phraseological sources of the Russian language consists of phraseological units of Russian origin. There are many among the phraseological units of speech, the source of which is professional speech, e.g.

Single phraseological units have entered the literary language from resonant speech, for example, the rotation of friction glasses is a deceptive expression.

Revolutions in the field of everyday and oral speech have always appeared and emerged, in which the various historical events and customs of the Russian people are socially evaluated. For example, the phraseologism in a long box (or set aside) is associated with the name of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (XVII century), by whose order a box for petitions was installed in front of the Kolomenskoye Palace, but the novelty was red ribbons. did not destroy, and people reflected this fact: putting it in a long box means delaying the issue indefinitely.

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In addition to the phraseological units whose original origin is related to colloquial speech, there are many phraseological units of books that originate both in Russian and on loan. These include very old things taken from liturgical books, such as: seeking and worshiping, the sanctuary, the fire of hell, in appearance and likeness, and so on.

Russian phraseology is actively supplemented by winged expressions of literary origin. For example, the sword of Damocles, the Gordian knot, the bed of Procrustane - from ancient mythology; a beautiful remote expression belongs to NV Gogol; the affairs of the past.

In addition to the original Russian phraseological units, there are phraseological units of foreign origin. It usually looks for a paper with foreign phraseological units, for example: to stand still (from Latin).

* It is difficult to overestimate the figurative and expressive possibilities of Russian phraseology. Much has been written and written by linguists about the stylistic possibilities of phraseological units. But for any writer or publicist, such attractive language material is not easy to serve effectively and valuable. The stylistic activity of idiomatic expressions has a very important feature, which was once described by a well-known linguist, Professor B. Larin. “As the morning light is reflected in the dew,” so the scholar believes that phraseologies reflect not only the historical views of people, but also the ideology of the period that brought them to life.

In 1955 NS Ashukina and MG Ashukina (3rd ed. M., 1966). The book contains many literary quotations and figurative phrases arranged in alphabetical order. The presence of an alphabetical index at the end of the book allows it to be used as a reference.

Russian Phraseology AI Molotkova's "Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language", published in 1967, contains more than 4,000 dictionary entries (3rd edition 1978; 4th edition 1986). Phraseologisms are given possible variants of components, their meaning is explained, and forms of use in speech are indicated. Each of the meanings is illustrated with quotations from fiction. In some cases, etymological information is given.

In 1975, the dictionary-reference "Stable oral expressions of the Russian language" VM Deribasa. This guide contains more than 5,000 stable phrases in two components (verb - noun). In 1980, the "School Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language" VP Zhukov, contains about 2,000 of the most common phraseological units found in the literature and oral language. In 1997, the Dictionary of Russian Peripherals (based on newspaper journalism) was published (AB Novikov), in which Adam (little naked), blue helmet (UN Armed Forces), revolutions in black gold (oil) clothes given. et al.

In the broadest sense of the term, phraseology also includes proverbs and sayings. The most complete collection of Russian proverbs is the collection "Wisdoms of the Russian People" VI Dahl, published in 1861-1862. (Published in 1957). 1966 Dictionary of VP Russian Proverbs and Sayings. Zhukova (3rd edition, 1967,) contains about 1,000 articles and sayings arranged in alphabetical order with the first word. In 1981, the "Dictionary of Russian Phraseology" was published by RI. Yarantseva (2nd ed. M., 1985), which contains about 800 phraseological units