E-government
E-government (short for electronic government) is the use of technological communications devices,
such as computers and the Internet to provide public services to citizens and other persons in a
country or region. E-government offers new opportunities for more direct and convenient citizen access
to government, and for government provision of services directly to citizens.
[1]
The term consists of the
digital interactions between a citizen and their government (C2G), between governments and other
government agencies (G2G), between government and citizens (G2C), between government and
employees (G2E), and between government and businesses/commerces (G2B). E-government delivery
models can be broken down into the following categories:
[2]
This interaction consists of citizens
communicating with all levels of government (city, state/province, national, and international),
facilitating citizen involvement in governance using information and communication technology (ICT)
(such as computers and websites) and business process re-engineering (BPR). Brabham and Guth (2017)
interviewed the third party designers of e-government tools in North America about the ideals of user
interaction that they build into their technologies, which include progressive values, ubiquitous
participation, geolocation, and education of the public. Other definitions stray from the idea that
technology is an object and defines e-government simply as facilitators or instruments and focus on
specific changes in Public Administration issues. The internal transformation of a Government is the
definition that established the specialist technologist Mauro D. Ríos. In his paper "In search of a
definition of Electronic Government", he says: "Digital Government is a new way of organization and
management of public affairs, introducing positive transformational processes in management and the
structure itself of the organization chart, adding value to the procedures and services provided, all
through the introduction and continued appropriation of information and communication technologies as
a facilitator of these transformations.
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E-gov strategies (or digital government) is defined as "The employment of the Internet and the world-
wide-web for delivering government information and services to the citizens." (United Nations, 2006;
AOEMA, 2005).
Electronic government (or e-government) essentially refers to "utilization
of Information Technology (IT), Information and Communication Technologies (ICT s), and other web-
based telecommunication technologies to improve and/or enhance on the efficiency and effectiveness of
service delivery in the public sector.". E-government promotes and improves broad stakeholders
contribution to national
and community development
, as well as deepen the governance process.
In electronic government systems, government operations are supported by web-based services.
It involves the use of information technology, specifically the Internet, to facilitate the
communication between the government and its citizens.
E-government should enable anyone visiting a city website to communicate and interact with
city employees via the Internet with graphical user interfaces (GUI), instant-messaging (IM),
learn about government issues through audio/video presentations, and in any way more
sophisticated than a simple email letter to the address provided at the site"
The essence of e-governance is "The enhanced value for stakeholders through
transformation" and "the use of technology to enhance the access to and delivery of
government services to benefit citizens, business partners and employees". The focus should
be on:
The use of information and communication technologies, and particularly the Internet, as a tool
to achieve better government.
The use of information and communication technologies in all facets of the operations of a
government organization.
The continuous optimization of service delivery, constituency participation, and governance by
transforming internal and external relationships through technology, the Internet and new
media.
Whilst e-government has traditionally been understood as being centered around the operations of
government, e-governance is understood to extend the scope by including citizen engagement and
participation in governance. As such, following in line with the OECD definition of e-government, e-
governance can be defined as the use of ICTs as a tool to achieve better governance.
There are also some technology-specific sub-categories of e-government, such as m-
government (mobile government), ubiquitous government), and g-government
(GIS/GPS applications for e-government).
The previous concern about developments in E-government concerning technology are due to
the limited use of online platforms for political reasons by citizens in local political
participations.
The primary delivery models of e-government are classified depending on who benefits. In the
development of the public sector or private sector portals and platforms, a system is created
that benefits all constituents. Citizens needing to renew their vehicle registration have a
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convenient way to accomplish it while already engaged in meeting the regulatory inspection
requirement. On behalf of a government partner, the business provides what has traditionally,
and solely, managed by the government and can use this service to generate profit or attract
new customers. Government agencies are relieved of the cost and complexity of having to
process the transactions.
To develop these public sector portals or platforms, governments have the choice to internally develop
and manage, outsource, or sign a self-funding contract. The self-funding model creates portals that
pay for themselves through convenience fees for certain e-government transactions, known as self-
funding portals. Government and its agents also have the opportunity to follow citizens to monitor
satisfaction with services they receive. Through ListServs, RSS feeds, mobile messaging, micro-blogging
services and blogs, government and its agencies.
Learning, in a general sense, is the process of acquiring knowledge and applying that information in
potentially unanticipated ways. While training teaches employees protocol
for specific situations
,
learning enables staff members to overcome non-specific issues that suddenly arise on their own. In
essence, training may ready employees for expected situations, while learning prepares workers for the
unexpected (e-learning, obviously, does this in an online setting). A company culture that embraces
learning, including the use of continuous training, creates an inspiring environment that can lead to
invaluable returns and success.
A successful learning atmosphere will apply both e-training and e-learning principles to help
employees grow. Oftentimes, training and learning go hand-in-hand, as the quality of your training
materials can affect how well staff members learn and absorb information—you can think of it as an
e-learning training program. One way to bring e-training and e-learning together is to utilize an
innovative learning management system (LMS). An LMS can enable employees to learn the skills needed
for both specific and nonspecific situations and help you develop a team that’s productive, proactive,
and prepared.
There are many terms used to describe learning that is delivered online, via the internet, ranging from
Distance Education, to computerized electronic learning, online learning, internet learning and many
others. We define eLearning as courses that are specifically delivered via the internet to somewhere
other than the classroom where the professor is teaching. It is not a course delivered via a DVD or
CD-ROM, video tape or over a television channel. It is interactive in that you can also communicate
with your teachers, professors or other students in your class. Sometimes it is delivered live, where
you can “electronically” raise your hand and interact in real time and sometimes it is a lecture that
has been prerecorded. There is always a teacher or professor interacting /communicating with you and
grading your participation, your assignments and your tests. eLearning has been proven to be a
successful method of training and education is becoming a way of life for many citizens in North
Carolina.
No doubt, it is equally important to take forward the concept of non-electronic teaching with the help
of books and lectures, but the importance and effectiveness of technology-based learning cannot be
taken lightly or ignored completely. It is believed that the human brain can easily remember and
relate to what is seen and heard via moving pictures or videos. It has also been found that visuals,
apart from holding
the attention of the student
, are also retained by the brain for longer periods. E-
learning has proved to be the best means in the corporate sector, especially when training programs
are conducted by MNCs for professionals across the globe and employees are able to acquire important
skills while sitting in a board room, or by having seminars, which are conducted for employees of the
same or the different organizations under one roof. The schools which use E-learning technologies are
a step ahead of those which still have the traditional approach towards learning. However, with the
rapid progress in technology and the advancement in learning systems, it is now embraced by the
masses. The introduction of computers was the basis of this revolution and with the passage of time,
as we get hooked to smartphones, tablets, etc, these devices now have an importance place in the
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classrooms for learning. Books are gradually getting replaced by electronic educational materials like
optical discs or pen drives. Knowledge can also be shared via the Internet, which is accessible 24/7,
anywhere, anytime. A learning system based on formalised teaching but with the help of electronic
resources is known as E-learning. While teaching can be based in or out of the classrooms, the use of
computers and the Internet forms the major component of E-learning. E-learning can also be termed
as a network enabled transfer of skills and knowledge, and the delivery of education is made to a large
number of recipients at the same or different times. Earlier, it was not accepted wholeheartedly as it
was assumed that this system lacked the human element required in learning. Now that affordable e-
learning solutions exist for both computers and internet, it only takes a good e-learning tool for
education to be facilitated from virtually anywhere. Technology has advanced so much that the
geographical gap is bridged with the use of tools that make you feel as if you are inside the classroom.
E-learning offers the ability to share material in all kinds of formats such as videos, slideshows, word
documents, and PDFs. Conducting webinars (live online classes) and communicating with professors via
chat and message forums is also an option available to users.
There is a plethora of different e-learning systems (otherwise known as Learning Management Systems,
or LMSs for short) and methods, which allow for courses to be delivered. With the right tool, various
processes can be automated such as a course with set materials and automatically marked tests. E-
learning is an affordable (and often free) solution which provides the learners with the ability to fit
learning around their lifestyles, effectively allowing even the busiest person to further a career and
gain new qualifications. Some of the most important developments in education have happened since
the launch of the internet. These days learners are well versed in the use of smartphones, text.
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