Reading passages

286 -The main idea of the passage is that --- .
A) smoking during pregnancy increases the possibility of the child committing crimes in adult life
B) pregnant women who smoke should be regarded as criminals and be punished
C) 4.169 males were born in Copenhagen between the years 1959 and 1961
D) most criminals are heavy smokers
E) most of the men at age 34 in Copenhagen have arrest records
287 -The research mentioned in the passage ---- .
A) concentrated on the effects of smoking before and after pregnancy
B) was a repetition of several previous studies, which were inconclusive
C) mainly dealt with the adult behaviour of the children of smoking mothers
D) worked with smoking mothers below the age of 34
E) studied only the last third of a mother's pregnancy
288 -From the passage, we can say that the researchers were careful because --- .
A) they monitored the lives of their subjects from birth to age 34
B) they chose subjects who had only committed minor crimes
C) all men born between September 1959 and December 1961 were studied
D) other possible causes of crime were also considered
E) they studied so many men from so many different countries

James Harrison thought he could make a fortune if he could freeze and transport surplus beef and mutton to England, where meat prices were very high. Ice -making machines had been developed in the, 1830s, but in order to keep the food frozen, a refrigeration machine had to be developed to ensure a stabilised temperature. Harrison patented his machine in 1857 and by 1873 had perfected his method. He arranged a special meal to celebrate his invention. The meat he served had been completely frozen for six months, but not one dinner guest could tell that it wasn't freshly slaughtered.

289 -It appears that Harrison's efforts to develop effective refrigeration ---- .
A) were realised in a few years once he got started on them
B) came from his wish to help Australian farmers
C) were made possible by funding from the wealthy
D) stemmed from his love of frozen food and drink
E) were motivated by his desire to make a profit