Reading passages

180- The main concern of the text is to ................... .
A)show that the unfavourable effects of smoking on the heart are still under debate
B) emphasise the effects of nicotine and vitamin d on heart disease
C) describe some experiments on animals to observe the effects of harmful gases
D) compare the harmful effects of nicotine and carbon monoxide
E) exemplify the researches concerning animal disease
Semantics is the technical term used to refer to the study of meaning, and since meaning is a part of language, semantics is a part of linguistics. Unfortunately, “meaning” covers a variety of aspects of language and there is no general agreement about the nature of meaning, what aspects of it may properly included in semantics or the way in which it should be described. The term semantics is a recent addition to the English language. A detailed account of it is to be found in Read.
181- The passage indicates that .................. .
A) language is one of the sub-branches of semantics
B) giving a definition for semantics is a difficult task
C) generally, meaning reminds the same thing whomever it is heard by
D) semantics is a wide concept including quite a few language items
E) technically speaking, semantics is a method to analyse the definitions of apparatuses etc
182- According to the passage, the aspects of meaning ..................... .
A) change from person to person
B) can’t be determined from the point of semantics
C) should be described properly
D) aren’t included in what is called semantics
E) create lots of problems to linguists
183- It is hinted in the passage that Read ............... .
A) is a kind of history book also dealing with semantics
B) is a guidebook for those wishing to master semantics
C) was the handbook of old linguists but is not now at all
D) gives us useful information about the missing parts of semantics
E) used to be taught by scholars in the past at universities
“Imaginary export” is an illegal process in which an imaginary party of goods is exported as if it were real. It is done in a few different ways. Firstly, a false invoice (or ‘nylon’ invoice) is prepared and no goods is sent at all. Secondly, if the goods to be exported is at a premium, different goods is exported ,but the processes are done according to the ones at a premium. Another way is to show the price of the goods more than its real prices. So as to do a imaginary export, one must agree with a recipient firm. Sometimes, those wishing to do such a business set their own firms abroad. The rumours of imaginary expert were quite common in 1980, when Turkey started an export breakthrough. But gathering certain numbers and figures about the extent of imaginary export in Turkey hasn’t been possible yet.