Reading passages

175 -Before Joseph Lister's discoveries, ---- .
A) clean, sterile operating theatres were unknown 
B) there was an inefficient method of sterilisation 
C) theatre staff followed strict preparation routines 
D) surgery was always very dangerous 
E) nobody took his theories seriously 
176 -We learn from the passage that ----- .
A) the sterile conditions in a modern operating 
theatre are the result of Lister's work 
B) surgery includes danger despite all precautions 
C) doctors had long suspected the importance of 
antisepsis 
D) incisions are not necessary for minor operations 
E) Joseph Lister was the greatest surgeon of his time 
177 -The passage mainly deals with --- .
A) the type of bacteria which cause infections 
B) why it is important for everyone in an operating 
theatre to be clean 
C) how Joseph Lister changed the course of surgery 
with his discoveries 
D) how sterilised conditions reduced the numbers of 
post -operation deaths 
E) the use of carbolic acid in destroying bacteria 
In recent years, a whole new generation of cargo 
vessels have begun sailing the oceans of the world at 
speeds that in the past were confined to fast 
passenger liners. They are known as container ships, 
monsters with powerful engines developing up to 
90,000 horse power. These ships are primarily 
important due to the fact that the container method of 
transporting goods has revolutionised maritime 
cargo carrying because of the speed at 

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33 
which they can be loaded and unloaded when they 
arrive at a port specially equipped to handle the 
containers. These containers look like giant building 
blocks and are made to a standard size. 
178 -The main advantage of container ships is