Reading passages

. 
By the end of 
the 12th century, much of the ancient heritage was 
again available to the Latin West. 
40-The topic of the passage is …………. .
A) the military confrontation between Muslims and 
Christians 
B) why Medieval Christians were ignorant of ancient 
learning 
C) the cruelty of the war between Muslims and 
Christians 
D) the great classical library of Toledo, Spain 
E) how Medieval Christians benefited from their 
conquest of Moorish Spain 
41- Some of the books in Arabic that Christians 
captured with the conquest of Toledo……… .
A) also had copies written them written in Latin 
B) contained invaluable information about the birth 
of Christianity 
C) had originally been translated from Greek 
D) had been seized from the Spanish by Muslims 
B) helped Christians progress faster than the Islamic 
world 
42- The passage implies that, over the years, 
ancient Europe ……….. .
A) had become the most advanced part of the world
B) had adopted the Islamic science and philosophy
C) had surpassed the Islamic world in many areas 
D)had had its heritage of ancient Greek science and 
philosophy stolen 
E)had used Toledo as a centre of science and 
knowledge 
As a biological concept, race refers to a large group 
of people who share certain inherited physical 
characteristics. These characteristics may include 
particular skin colour, head shape, hair type, nose 
shape or blood type. One common classification of 
races recognises three groups: Caucasoid, Mongoloid 
and Negroids, all of whom have different coloured 
skin and other differing characteristics. However, 
there are at least two important problems with such a 
classification of races. First, some groups fit into 
none of these categories, like people of the Indian 
subcontinent who have Caucasoid features but dark 
skin. The other problem is that, with so many 
intermarriages, there are no pure races today.