Reading passages

.................... .
A) hits animals more seriously than humans 
B) is the only dangerous factor in relation to 
smoking 
C) has a negative effect only upon the arteries 
D) is considered by some investigators as one of 
the reasons why smoking has an adverse effect on the 
heart 
E) has been considered more dangerous than 
carbon monoxide for smokers 
179- According to the text, studies into the 
adverse effects of smoking .................... .
A) have proved any relationship between smoking 
and cholesterol levels in humans 
B) have illustrated that vitamin D reduces nicotine 
in the body 
C) have not been able to establish for certain 
whether or not carbon monoxide could be a main 
factor 
D) have so far not raised any controversial ideas 
E) show that nicotine and carbon monoxide may be 
only minor factors 
180- The main concern of the text is to ................... 
.
A) show that the unfavourable effects of smoking 
on the heart are still under debate 
B) emphasise the effects of nicotine and vitamin d 
on heart disease 
C) describe some experiments on animals to 
observe the effects of harmful gases 
D) compare the harmful effects of nicotine and 
carbon monoxide 
E) exemplify the researches concerning animal 
disease 
 
Semantics is the technical term used to refer to 
the study of meaning, and since meaning is a part 
of language, semantics is a part of linguistics. 
Unfortunately, ―meaning‖ covers a variety of 
aspects of language and there is no general 
agreement about the nature of meaning, what 
aspects of it may properly included in semantics 
or the way in which it should be described. The 
term semantics is a recent addition to the English