READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 13-27, which are based on Reading Passage 2.
Ecotherapy
Ecotherapy, the concept that exposure to nature will improve wellbeing and healthy
living, encompasses a wide variety of activities, whether they be prolonged periods in wilderness,
gardening or individual therapy. But what is the theory behind it? Why should immersion in greenery
(even if only a municipal park) or huge landscapes (mountains, the sea, deserted regions) reduce
depression, delinquency, addiction and other problems? Many ecotherapeutic interventions entail
group activities like camping trips, group bush walks or even walks on the beach. Wilderness
programmes (often misrepresented as boot camps) have been created, particularly although not
exclusively for adolescents, such as the delinquent, the drug-addicted and the depressed. They can
consist of as much as eight weeks of living in small groups in remote regions, a huge challenge for
many. A significant part of their effect is achieved by forcing the client to concentrate on survival and
the need to cooperate with others in order to do so. The sense of isolation and the absence of now
common modern methods for self-stimulation, such as the internet and substance abuse, are also
believed to help the client to detoxify from established bad patterns.
But nature is also shown to be independently important. The egocentricity of clients is often reduced
by awareness of something much bigger than them, whether it be mountains, wide open plains or
huge skies. The feeling that the client is the centre of the universe is called into question by the sheer
scale and complexity of nature. For many clients, hell has been other people in their normal lives. The
solitude and lack of pressure to satisfy the demands of peers and family lead to significant
improvements in such self-attributes as esteem, efficacy and control. There are also many accounts of
clients of all ages having spiritual experiences as a result of exposure to wilderness. They report a
deep sense of connection to all things. A heightened awareness of plants, animals and landscape
leads them to ponder existence beyond themselves. The power of nature encourages a sense of
transcendence and of connection both to self and to others.
Why would nature have this benign effect? A valuable theory was offered by a leading figure in this
field, John Wasnier. He maintains that nature offers a different civilisation from that of human
culture. He contends that Earth offers a wisdom, joy and beauty that excludes pollution, war and
insanity. Nature is willing to share its knowledge and secrets with anyone, anywhere, at any time. He
writes that, "the natural world produces no garbage. On a macro level, everything is valued, nothing is
discarded or unwanted, everything has a role."
Wasnier contrasts modern techno-logic with "bio-logic". Bio-logic, he argues, uses our multi-sensory
ways of knowing and being for harmonious survival. Techno-logic employs words and stories that
exclude our senses. Our intellects, it seems, dislocate us from natural senses and feelings, like
nurturing, place, curiosity, hunger, motion, trust, empathy, sound, compassion and reason. To
experience them truly we have to realise these traits are solely of, by and from the natural world (one
might argue that conventional education is an exercise in such dislocation).There are a number of
activities that anyone can employ to stimulate what he calls our "old-brain", the unpasteurized
natural experience of nature. They overlap neatly with the current vogue for mindfulness which
increases awareness of your bodily states through meditation; our bodies are part of nature, our
minds can disconnect us from our bodies and from nature.
It is important however to recognise the limits of what exposure to nature can achieve. Telling
someone who is depressed to go and smell flowers or immerse themselves in beautiful landscapes is
unlikely to work on its own. If that person is a single mother with a six-month-old baby and a landlord
chasing her rent, her depression might just turn into aggression at such a suggestion, so other
therapies, including medication, might be needed. Some fundamental causes of emotional distress
reside in brain chemistry as well as psychosocial causes. However, it is also true that we are twice as
likely to be emotionally distressed if we are urban rather than rural (and four times more likely to
suffer schizophrenia). Part of the reason for this is estrangement caused by lack of exposure to
natural sights, sounds and smells, and dislocation from the natural rhythms of the seasons, of night
from day. Ecotherapies are said to work because they reconnect us with nature: not only its external
reality, but most fundamentally, our inner natures.
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