Tuareg who have ruled this infertile domain for a few centuries, this California-
return to the site with him together. After spending 30 years in researching the
history of Nile in Sudan and of the mountains in the Libyan Desert, Garcea got
well acquainted with the life of the ancient people in Sahara. But she did not
know Sereno before this exploration, whose claim of having found so many
skeletons in Tenere desert was unreliable to some archaeologists, among
whom one person considered Sereno just as a ‘moonlighting
palaeontologist’. However, Garcea was so obsessive with his perspective as to
accept his invitation willingly.
In the following three weeks, Sereno and Garcea (along with five excavators,
five Tuareg guides, and five soldiers from Niger’s army) sketched a detailed
map of the destined site, which was dubbed Gobero after the Tuareg name for
the area, a place the ancient Kiffian and Tuareg nomads used to roam. After
that, they excavated eight tombs and found twenty pieces of artefacts for the
above mentioned two civilisations. From these artefacts, it is evidently seen
that Kiffian fishermen caught not only the small fish, but also some huge
ones: the remains of Nile perch, a fierce fish weighing about 300 pounds, along
with those of the alligators and hippos, were left in the vicinity of dunes.
Sereno went back with some essential bones and artefacts, and planned for the
next trip to the Sahara area. Meanwhile, he pulled out the teeth of skeletons
carefully and sent them to a researching laboratory for radiocarbon dating. The
results indicated that while the smaller ‘sleeping’ bones might date back to
6,000 years ago (well within the Tenerian period), the bigger compactly tied
artefacts were approximately 9,000 years old, just in the heyday of Kiffian era.
The scientists now can distinguish one culture from the other.
In the fall of 2006, for the purpose of exhuming another 80 burials, these
people had another trip to Gobero, taking more crew members and six extra
scientists specialising in different areas. Even at the site, Chris Stojanowski,
bio-archaeologist in Arizona State University, found some clues by matching
the pieces. Judged from the bones, the Kiffian could be a people of peace and
hardworking. ‘No injuries in heads or forearms indicate that they did not fight
too much,’ he said. ‘And they had strong bodies.’ He pointed at a long
narrow femur and continued, ‘From this muscle attachment, we could infer the
huge leg muscles, which means this individual lived a strenuous lifestyle and
ate much protein. Both of these two inferences coincide with the lifestyle of the
people living on fishing.’ To create a striking contrast, he displayed a femur of
a Tenerian male. This ridge was scarcely seen. ‘This individual had a less
laborious lifestyle, which you might expect of the herder.’
Stojanowski concluded that the Tenerian were herders, which was consistent
with the other scholars’ dominant view of the lifestyle in Sahara area 6,000
years ago, when the dry climate favoured herding rather than hunting. But
page 8
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Sereno proposed some confusing points: if the Tenerian was herders, where
were the herds? Despite thousands of animal bones excavated in Gobero, only
three cow skeletons were found, and none of goats or sheep found. ‘It
is common for the herding people not to kill the cattle, particularly in a
cemetery.’ Elena Garcea remarked, ‘Even the modem pastoralists such as
Niger’s Wodaabe are reluctant to slaughter the animals in their herd.’ Sereno
suggested, ‘Perhaps the Tenerian in Gobero were a transitional group that had
still relied greatly on hunting and fishing and not adopted herding completely.’
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