Spasti c paralysis is caused by dam-
age to the upper motor neurone. It
occurs as a result of lesions in the
cerebral motor cortex or from dam-
age to the axons of UMN that de-
scend from the cortex to the spinal
cord. This may arise aft er ischaemic
insults such as occur in strokes and
in periventricular perinatal hypoxia
that can occur from complicated
labour. Spasti c paralysis manifests
as parti al or complete impairment
of voluntary movements (paresis
or plegia), increased muscle tone
(hypertonia) and signs of spasti c-
ity (hyperrefl exia and irritati ve py-
ramidal signs including the Babinski
sign). Cerebral palsy is a classic ex-
ample of an upper motor neurone
disorder.
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