Proposition 12
Let R be a ring. Then R
[
x
]
is quasi presimplifiable if and only if R is
quasi presimplifiable and
0
is a
δ
1
-n-ideal of R.
Proof
Suppose that
R
[
x
]
is presimplifiable and let
a
,
b
∈
R
⊆
R
[
x
]
such that
a
=
ab
and
a
/
∈
N
(
R
)
. Then
a
/
∈
N
(
R
[
x
]
)
and so by our assumption
b
∈
U
(
R
[
x
]
)
. It follows
that
b
∈
U
(
R
)
and so
R
is quasi presimplifiable. Now, let
a
,
b
∈
R
such that
ab
=
0 and
a
/
∈
N
(
R
)
. Then we have
a
=
a
(
1
−
bx
)
and so 1
−
bx
∈
U
(
R
[
x
]
)
. Hence
b
∈
N
(
R
)
and 0 is a
δ
1
-
n
-ideal. For the converse, let
f
(
x
)
=
n
i
=
0
a
i
x
i
,
g
(
x
)
=
m
j
=
0
b
j
x
j
∈
R
[
x
]
such that
f
(
x
)
=
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
and
f
(
x
) /
∈
N
(
R
[
x
]
)
. Then
a
i
/
∈
N
(
R
)
for some
i
. Now,
a
i
=
g
(
x
)
a
i
implies that
a
i
=
b
0
a
i
and so
b
0
∈
U
(
R
)
since
R
is quasi presimplifiable.
Moreover, for all
j
=
0, we have
a
i
b
j
=
0. So,
b
j
∈
N
(
R
)
for all
j
=
0 as 0 is a
δ
1
-
n
-ideal of
R
. Therefore,
g
(
x
)
∈
U
(
R
[
x
]
)
and
R
[
x
]
is quasi presimplifiable.
Recall that a ring
R
is called a Hilbert ring if every prime ideal of
R
is an intersection
of maximal ideals. Moreover, it is well known that
R
is a Hilbert ring if and only if
M
∩
R
is a maximal ideal of
R
whenever
M
is a maximal ideal of
R
[
x
]
, see [
8
]. In
this case, we have
J
(
R
)
[
x
] ⊆
J
(
R
[
x
]
)
. Indeed, if
M
is a maximal ideal of
R
[
x
]
, then
M
∩
R
is a maximal ideal of
R
. Hence,
J
(
R
)
[
x
] ⊆
(
M
∩
R
)
[
x
] ⊆
M
.
In the following proposition, we determine conditions under which the extension
I
[
x
]
in
R
[
x
]
is a quasi
J
-ideal.
123
H.A. Khashan, E. Yetkin Celikel
Proposition 13
Let I be an ideal of a ring R.
(1)
If I
[
x
]
is a quasi J -ideal of R
[
x
]
, then I is a quasi J -ideal of R.
(2)
If R is Hilbert and I is a quasi J -ideal of R, then I
[
x
]
is a quasi J -ideal of R
[
x
]
.
Proof
(1) Suppose
I
[
x
]
is a quasi
J
-ideal of
R
[
x
]
and let
a
,
b
∈
R
⊆
R
[
x
]
such that
ab
∈
I
⊆
I
[
x
]
and
a
/
∈
J
(
R
)
. Then clearly
a
/
∈
J
(
R
[
x
]
)
and so
b
∈
√
I
[
x
]
. It
follows clearly that
b
∈
√
I
and so
I
is a quasi
J
-ideal of
R
.
(2) Suppose that
I
is a quasi
J
-ideal. Then,
R
/
I
is quasi presimplifiable by Theorem
5
(2). By Proposition
12
, we conclude that
R
[
x
]
/
I
[
x
] ∼
=
(
R
/
I
)
[
x
]
is also quasi
presimplifiable. Moreover, since
R
is Hilbert, then
I
[
x
] ⊆
J
(
R
)
[
x
] ⊆
J
(
R
[
x
]
)
.
Therefore,
I
[
x
]
is a quasi
J
-ideal of
R
[
x
]
again by Theorem
5
(2).
Recall that
(,
≤
)
is called a directed quasi-ordered set if
≤
is a reflexive and
transitive relation on
and for
α, β
∈
, there exists
γ
∈
with
α
≤
γ
and
β
≤
γ
. A system of rings over
(,
≤
)
is a collection
{
R
α
:
α
∈
}
of rings, together
with ring homomorphisms
ϕ
α,β
:
R
α
→
R
β
for all
α, β
∈
with
α
≤
β
such that
ϕ
β,γ
◦
ϕ
α,β
=
ϕ
α,γ
whenever
α
≤
β
≤
γ
and such that
ϕ
α,α
=
I d
R
α
for all
α
. A direct
limit of
{
R
α
:
α
∈
}
is a ring
R
together with ring homomorphisms
ϕ
α
:
R
α
→
R
such that
ϕ
β
◦
ϕ
α,β
=
ϕ
α
for all
α, β
∈
with
α
≤
β
and such that following property
is satisfied: For any ring
S
and collection
{
f
α
:
α
∈
}
of ring maps
f
:
R
α
→
S
such
that
f
β
◦
ϕ
α,β
=
f
α
for all
α, β
∈
with
α
≤
β
, there is a unique ring homomorphism
f
:
R
→
S
with
f
◦
ϕ
α
=
f
α
for all
α
∈
. This direct limit is usually denoted by
R
=
lim
−→
R
α
.
Lemma 5
[
6
]
Let
{
R
α
:
α
∈
}
be a system of rings and let R
=
lim
−→
R
α
. If
{
I
α
:
α
∈
}
is a family of ideals over
{
R
α
:
α
∈
}
, then I
=
α
∈
ϕ
α
(
I
α
)
=
α
∈
ϕ
α
(
I
α
)
is an
ideal of R. Moreover, R
/
I
=
lim
−→
R
α
/
I
α
.
In [
3
], it is proved that if
{
R
α
:
α
∈
}
is a system of presimplifiable rings, then
so is
R
=
lim
−→
R
α
. In the following proposition, we generalize this result to quasi
presimplifiable case.
Proposition 14
Let
(,
≤
)
be a directed quasi-ordered set and let
{
R
α
:
α
∈
}
be a direct system of rings. If each R
α
is quasi presimplifiable, then the direct limit
R
=
lim
−→
R
α
is quasi presimplifiable.
Proof
Let
x
,
y
∈
R
with
x
=
x y
and
x
/
∈
N
(
R
)
. For
α
∈
, let
ϕ
α
:
R
α
→
R
be the
natural map. Then there exist
α
0
∈
and
x
α
0
,
y
α
0
∈
R
α
0
such that
ϕ
α
0
(
x
α
0
)
=
x
,
ϕ
α
0
(
y
α
0
)
=
y
and
x
α
0
y
α
0
=
x
α
0
. Since
x
/
∈
N
(
R
)
, then
x
α
0
/
∈
N
(
R
α
0
)
, see [
5
], and so
y
α
0
∈
U
(
R
α
0
)
as
R
α
0
is quasi presimplifiable. Therefore,
y
=
ϕ
α
0
(
y
α
0
)
∈
U
(
R
)
and
so
R
is quasi presimplifiable.
Theorem 6
Let
(,
≤
)
be a directed quasi-ordered set and let
{
R
α
:
α
∈
}
be a
direct system of rings. If
{
I
α
:
α
∈
}
is a family of J -deals (resp. quasi J -ideals) over
{
R
α
:
α
∈
}
, then I
=
α
∈
ϕ
α
(
I
α
)
is a J -ideal (resp. quasi J -ideal) of R
=
lim
−→
R
α
.
123
Quasi J-ideals of commutative rings
Proof
For all
α
∈
, we have
I
α
⊆
J
(
R
α
)
. Hence,
I
=
α
∈
ϕ
α
(
I
α
)
⊆
α
∈
ϕ
α
(
J
(
R
α
))
⊆
J
(
lim
−→
R
α
)
=
J
(
R
)
. Indeed, let
x
∈
α
∈
ϕ
α
(
J
(
R
α
))
and
r
∈
R
.
Then there exist
α
0
∈
and
x
α
0
,
r
α
0
∈
R
α
0
such that
ϕ
α
0
(
x
α
0
)
=
x
and
ϕ
α
0
(
r
α
0
)
=
r
.
Now, 1
−
r x
=
ϕ
α
0
(
1
R
α
0
−
r
α
0
x
α
0
)
∈
ϕ
α
0
(
U
(
R
α
0
))
⊆
U
(
R
)
and so
x
∈
J
(
R
)
. Since
for all
α
∈
,
I
α
is a
J
-ideal (quasi
J
-ideal), then
R
α
/
I
α
is a presimplifiable (quasi
presimplifiable) ring by Theorem
5
. This implies that
R
/
I
=
lim
−→
R
α
/
I
α
is presimpli-
fiable (quasi presimplifiable) by Proposition
14
. It follows again by Theorem
5
that
I
is a
J
-ideal (quasi
J
-ideal) of
R
.
Finally, for a ring
R
, an ideal
I
of
R
and an
R
-module
M
, we determine when is
the ideal
I
(
+
)
M
quasi
J
-ideal in
R
(
+
)
M
.
Proposition 15
Let I be an ideal of a ring R and let M be an R-module. Then I
(
+
)
M
is a quasi J -ideal of R
(
+
)
M if and only if I is a quasi J -ideal of R.
Proof
We have
I
(
+
)
M
⊆
J
(
R
(
+
)
M
)
if and only if
I
⊆
J
(
R
)
and
R
/
I
∼
=
R
(
+
)
M
/
I
(
+
)
M
. Therefore, the result follows directly by Theorem
5
.
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