Qualification paper

peace, love, joy, courage, friendship; the names of the branches of professional
activity: chemistry, architecture, mathematics, linguistics; the names of mass- materials: water, snow, steel, hair, the names of collective inanimate objects: foliage, fruit, furniture, machinery.
Some of these words can be used in the form of the common singular with the common plural counterpart, but in this case they come to mean either different sorts of materials or separate concrete manifestations of the qualities denoted by abstract nouns or concrete objects exhibiting the respective qualities.
Examples: Joy is absolutely necessary for normal human life. It was a joy to see her among us.
The lexical effect of the correlative number forms (both singular and plural) in such cases is evident, since the categorical component of the referential meaning in each of them is changed from uncountable to countable. Thus, the oppositional reduction is here nullified in a peculiarly lexical way and the full oppositional force of the category of number is rehabilitated.
Common number with uncountable singular nouns can also be expressed by means of combining them with words showing discreteness such as bit, piece, item, sort.
Examples: The last two items of news were quite sensational. Now I would like to add one more bit of information.
You might as well dispense with one or two pieces of furniture in the hall.
This kind of rendering the grammatical meaning of common number with uncountable nouns is, in due the situat^♦ional conditions, so regular that it can be regarded as special supplementation in the categorical system of number.
Under this heading (namely, the first of the above two subparts) comes also the generic use of the singular.
Examples: Man's immortality lies on his deeds. Wild elephant in the jungle can be very dangerous.
The choice of this or that suffix depends on a gender of a noun, on final phoneme and on other factors. It must be noted that a stress shift and a
morphological change may take place when the suffixes cited above are added to the noun.
Examples: страна-страны, поле-поля, ухо-уши, сук-сучья, друг-друзья, имя-именя.
Besides, all plural forms of nouns, with exception to the accusative case, have a special suffix of their own.
Plural: Nom. товарищи
Gen. товарищей
Dat. товарищам
Accus. товарищей
Inst, товарищами
Prep, о товарищах.
The plural suffixes in Russian are all productive. In Uzbek the plural of nouns is formed by adding the suffix -лар to the stem and the stress is shifted to this ending: бола-болалар, китоб-китоблар, дафтар-дафтарлар.
The Uzbek nouns in contrast to the Russian ones have separate forms for number and case. Compare:

	Uzbek	Russian
Nom.	олмалар	яблоки
Gen.	олмаларнинг	яблок
Dat. Accus.	олмаларни олмаларга ^♦	яблоки яблокам
Inst.	олмалар билан	яблоками
Prep.	олмалар тўғрисида	о яблоках.

In English nouns forming the plural by taking the suffix -(e)s have one common form for number and case, other nouns have separate forms for them. Examples: girls' school, men's hat, children's home.
In certain English compound nouns only the first element takes the plural
form.