peaks from the frequency data. There are many subtle issues here, and we will only
provide the simplest peak picker, with some commentary about what can be done to
analysed, and it is unlikely that any peak picker will work in all circumstances for all
Here we will just look for local maxima above a specified threshold. This works
reasonably well for data that is not especially noisy or crowded. For this kind of simple
operation there is existing functionality from SciPy and NumPy that can be used to do
most of the work, although the way they are used here is not necessarily speed-efficient.
The maximum_filter()function will be used to find maxima in the data. Although this is
an image. It is notable that the minimum_filter() function also exists, which could be used
from numpy import argwhere
The function findPeaks takes an array of data (of arbitrary dimensionality) and a
threshold value. Only maxima above this threshold will be considered as peaks, and in
general the threshold will be set to distinguish the required signals from the noise. The
size represents the region to consider when searching for maxima. The default value of 3
means to consider a central point (potentially the peak centre) and its nearest neighbours
either side, which is reasonable if the data is not too noisy. The mode argument specifies
how the data is treated at the boundary. When mode=‘wrap’ this means that the data is
wrapped around at the boundaries, and this is often the most appropriate value for Fourier
transformed data, which is naturally periodic. Sometimes, though, the data is truncated, in
which case it is more appropriate to use mode=‘constant’, which in effect treats the
boundary as the end of the data. (In the previous section we only had code for the
equivalent of mode=‘constant’.)
def findPeaks(data, threshold, size=3, mode='wrap'):
peaks = []
if (data.size == 0) or (data.max() < threshold):
return peaks
For the NumPy array data it is possible to filter on a threshold just by doing data >
threshold. This creates an array, with the same size and dimensions as data, where each
entry is True or False, depending on whether the corresponding value in data is above the
threshold.
boolsVal = data > threshold
Next we use maximum_filter() to find local maxima in the data, considering the
specified size to inspect. This function returns a copy of the input array where the non-
maximal points have been set to zero.
9
Then we create another array of True and False
values, corresponding to whether the filtered points have their original values (data ==
maxFilter), i.e. we will have a True at each maximum.
maxFilter = maximum_filter(data, size=size, mode=mode)
boolsMax = data == maxFilter
The peak points that are both above the threshold and local maxima are found as the
intersection (logical AND operation) between values from the two arrays of Booleans.
boolsPeak = boolsVal & boolsMax
Next we find the indices of the True values in the boolsPeak array, which correspond to
the positions (row, column etc.) of the peaks in data. The NumPy function we use to get
the indices is argwhere(), which gives an array of the non-zero (true) positions in the form
((row1, col1, …), (row2, col2, …) …), i.e. with one group of coordinates for each peak. It
is notable that nonzero() is often used to find true values in an array, but this would give a
result in the form ((row1, row2, …), (col1, col2, …) …), which is ideal for indexing array
elements but inconvenient here.
indices = argwhere(boolsPeak) # Position indices for True
Finally Peak objects are created for these grid positions and appended to the peaks list
that is passed back.
for position in indices:
position = tuple(position)
height = data[position]
peak = Peak(position, data, height)
peaks.append(peak)
return peaks
There are improvements that could be made to the algorithm. Instead of looking in a
rectangular region for local maxima, a non-rectangular footprint could be specified.
Sometimes it is also worth checking that any putative peak has a shape such that a
sufficient drop is made between the maximum height and the minimum value before it
turns up again, in any direction. Also, if the data is such that negative height peaks are also
of interest, then the algorithm can be modified to look for minima (below zero) by using
minimum_filter() when the threshold is negative.
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