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The Moderating Effects of Place Identity and Place Dependence on Visitor
Spending Preferences
In testing the hypotheses, the criterion variables, Spending Support—Facility and Services,
Spending Support—Environmental Protection, and Spending Support—Environmental Ed-
ucation, were individually regressed on attitude toward the MBSA fee program, place iden-
tity and place dependence, and the product of the three (Table 4).
TABLE 4 Multiple Regression Analysis—Moderating Effects of Place Attachment
Variable
β
(Beta)
Std. error
t
p
Model 1: Spending Support—Facilities and Services
∗
Attitude toward the MBSA fee program
−
.17
.18
−
.79
.43
Place identity
−
.67
.21
−
2.37
.02
Attitude toward the MBSA fee program
.83
.05
2.19
.03
∗
Place identity
Model 2: Spending Support—Environmental Protection
†
Attitude toward the MBSA fee program
−
.35
.16
−
1.67
.10
Place identity
−
.82
.19
−
3.07
.00
Attitude toward the MBSA fee program
.81
.05
3.53
.00
∗
Place identity
Model 3: Spending Support—Environmental Education
‡
Attitude toward the MBSA fee program
−
.13
.19
−
.58
.56
Place identity
−
.58
.23
−
2.05
.04
Place dependence
.20
.08
2.08
.04
Attitude toward the MBSA fee program
.75
.06
2.02
.05
∗
Place identity
∗
R
2
=
.10; F
=
9.52; df
=
3,260.
†
R
2
=
.19; F
=
20.31; df
=
3,261.
‡
R
2
=
.147; F
=
11.064; df
=
4,257.
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January 25, 2003
12:16
LSC
TJ668-03
Place Attachment and Recreation Fees
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