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viii. From stone to iron
15. Paragraph A
16. Paragraph B
17. Paragraph C
18. Paragraph D
Questions 19
— 22
Match the following innovations with A, B, C, and D
A. mid 20th century
B. late 1880's
C. 1890's
D. early 1880's
19. the high-speed elevator
20. public
square
21. steel framework
22. riveted skeleton
Questions 23
— 27
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2? In
boxes 23
— 27 on your answer sheet write
TRUE, if the statement is true
FALSE, if the statement is
false
NOT GIVEN, if the information is not given in the passage.
23. A skyscraper is both a tall sailing mast and a tall habitable building.
24. A steel frame is able to support both floors and walls.
25. The central heating system provides both heating and air conditioning.
26. In the early 20th century, architects solved the problems of mixing skyscrapers with
community needs.
27. The higher level the company is situated in a skyscraper, the higher reputation the
company holds.
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SECTION 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28
— 40, which are based on Reading
Passage 3 below:
The Gray Worker
A. The 21st century may be known as the era of lifelong learning and lifelong working.
Retirement, the end stage of a linear working life, may be replaced with a learning,
working, leisure, life cycle. Full-time work may be interspersed with periods of
flexible
working arrangements such as part-time, seasonal, occasional, and project work. The
traditional notion of retirement may be replaced with lifelong working-in various positions
and in varying amounts of time throughout adult life. In the future, a declining birthrate
may result in a shortage of skilled and knowledgeable employees, making the notion of
retirement for older workers a serious drain on organizational productivity. Increasing
demands
for workforce productivity, a projected shortage of skilled and experienced
workers, and older adults who are healthier and living longer than previous generations
are powerful societal forces shaping future employment practices.
B. Two decades ago, Sheppard and Rix forecast the changing nature of the workplace
and suggested that keeping older persons in the workforce would make sound economic
and social policy sense. The trend toward longer periods of employment is beginning to
become evident. Forced retirements and early retirement incentives have contributed to
the decline of expertise in the workplace. Inflation,
increasing health care costs, and
inadequate pensions are propelling older adults to remain in or reenter the workforce
past the traditional retirement age. Retirement as permanent separation from the
workplace is being replaced with the idea of bridge employment. Bridging is a form of
partial retirement in which an older worker alternates periods of disengagement from the
workplace with periods of temporary, part-time, occasional, or self-employed work. The
key aspect of bridging is that it is work in other than a career job. In the US, among
workers age 60, more than 50percent retire from a career job but only one in nine actually
disengages from the workplace. Bridging allows older workers to "practice" retirement,
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