C
or
D
.
Write your answers in boxes
39-40
on your answer sheet.
39.
According to the passage, it is determined that an elephant need to communicate
over long distances for its survival
A.
When a threatening predator appears.
B.
When young elephants meet humans.
C.
When older members of the herd want to flee from the group.
D.
When a male elephant is in estrus.
40.
What is the author’s attitude toward the experiment by using three different
recordings in the paragraph:
A.
the outcome is definitely out of the original expectation
B.
the data can not be very clearly obtained
C.
the result can be somewhat undecided or inaccurate
D.
the result can be unfamiliar to the public
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P a g e
Reading Test 11
SECTION 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Section 1
below.
History of Refrigeration
A.
Refrigeration is a process of removing heat, which means cooling an area or a substance
below the environmental temperature. Mechanical refrigeration makes use of the
evaporation of a liquid refrigerant, which goes through a cycle so that it can be reused.
The main cycles include vapour-compression, absorption steam-jet or steam-ejector,
and airing. The term ‘refrigerator’ was first introduced by a Maryland farmer Thomas
Moore in 1803, but it is in the 20th century that the appliance we know today first
appeared.
B.
People used to find various ways to preserve their food before the advent of mechanical
refrigeration systems. Some preferred using cooling systems of ice or snow, which meant
that diets would have consisted of very little fresh food or fruits and vegetables, but mostly
of bread, cheese and salted meals. For milk and cheeses, it was very difficult to keep
them fresh, so such foods were usually stored in a cellar or window box. In spite of those
measures, they could not survive rapid spoilage. Later on, people discovered that adding
such chemical as sodium nitrate or potassium nitrate to water could lead to a lower
temperature. In 1550 when this technique was first recorded, people used it to cool wine,
as was the term ‘to refrigerate’. Cooling drinks grew very popular in Europe by 1600,
particularly in Spain, France, and Italy. Instead of cooling water at night, people used a
new technique: rotating long-necked bottles of water which held dissolved saltpeter. The
solution was intended to create very low temperatures and even to make ice. By the end
of the 17th century, iced drink including frozen juices and liquors had become extremely
fashionable in France.
C.
People’s demand for ice soon became strong. Consumers’ soaring requirement for fresh
food, especially for green vegetables, resulted in reform in people’s dieting habits
between 1830 and the American Civil War, accelerated by a drastic expansion of the
urban areas and the rapid amelioration in an economy of the populace. With the growth
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