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SECTION 3
Learning lessons from the past
A.
Many past societies collapsed or vanished, leaving behind monumental ruins such as
those that the poet Shelley imagined in his sonnet, Ozymandias. By collapse, I mean a
drastic decrease in human population size and/or political/economic/social complexity,
over a considerable area, for an extended time. By those standards, most people would
consider the following past societies to have been famous victims of full-fledged
collapses rather than of just minor declines: the Anasazi and Cahokia within the
boundaries of the modern US, the Maya cities in Central America, Moche and Tiwanaku
societies in South America, Norse Greenland, Mycenean Greece and Minoan Crete in
Europe, Great Zimbabwe in Africa, Angkor Wat and the Harappan Indus Valley cities in
Asia, and Easter Island in the Pacific Ocean.
B.
The monumental ruins left behind by those past societies hold a fascination for all of us.
We marvel at them when as children we first learn of them through pictures. When we
grow up, many of us plan vacations in order to experience them at first hand. We feel
drawn to their often spectacular and haunting beauty, and also to the mysteries that they
pose. The scales of the ruins testify to the former wealth and power of their builders. Yet
these builders vanished, abandoning the great structures that they had created at such
effort. How could a society that was once so mighty end up collapsing?
C.
It has long been suspected that many of those mysterious abandonments were at least
partly triggered by ecological problems: people inadvertently destroying the
environmental resources on which their societies depended. This suspicion of
unintended ecological suicide (ecocide) has been confirmed by discoveries made in
recent decades by archaeologists, climatologists, historians, paleontologists, and
palynologists (pollen scientists). The processes through which past societies have
undermined themselves by damaging their environments fall into eight categories, whose
relative importance differs from case to case: deforestation and habitat destruction, soil
problems, water management problems, overhunting, overfishing, effects of introduced
species on native species, human population growth, and increased impact of people.
D.
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