Introduction
additional cost and result in net savings and efficiency gains, with an ultimate benefit to
consumers. In addition, public sector financing is usually scarce, creating one of the initial
drivers for PPP.
The operator will typically establish a project company for implementing the contract, often
called special purpose vehicle (SPV). The company owners may be a consortium of companies
or a single large company. The company owners will not usually finance all project require-
ments; instead, they will provide a proportion as equity and borrow the remainder of the
required financing from financial institutions or place debt securities in the capital market.
The creditworthiness (“bankability”) of a project depends on a number of factors, some of
which are within the control of the government when designing PPP. They include commer-
cially attractive project design and tariffs (shorter payback and, hence, financing periods) as
well as strong off-take arrangements to reduce market/revenue risk (predictability of cash
flows), together with the level of certainty and transparence of regulatory settings, which
affect future cash flows.
Infrastructure project financing in general, whether from banks or bond markets, faces a
number of challenges including (i) long-term debt maturities to match project cash flows,
(ii) limits to the availability of local currency debt financing to match local currency revenue
steams, (iii) limited available equity and resulting high degree of leverage, and (iv) no secu-
rity/guarantee except for project assets available (“nonrecourse financing”).
As a result, project finance is a specialized activity and, depending on prevailing market
conditions, may or may not be available at any time. To make financing possible or to se-
cure better borrowing rates, the operator may seek credit enhancement through insurance
or guarantees. These might include (partial) credit guarantees (e.g., from the government
itself or from a development finance institution) or political risk guarantees (from insurers
or development finance institution) against the government or regulator not adhering to
agreements (e.g.,
take-or-pay off-take agreement,
concession agreement, etc.).
To determine the amount of debt finance the project can sustain, lenders perform their own
calculations related to project performance and cash flow. These include debt service cover
ratios, loan life coverage ratios, and project life coverage ratios. Project financing requires
a very thorough appraisal process because of the sole reliance on project cash flows. Lend-
ers will undertake due diligence exercises to get comfort that the project assumptions and
risks are reasonable.
It is critical to understand that the bidders may not fully know the prospective financing
arrangements until the last stage of the contracting process. The bidders will have potential
financiers lined up, but the final arrangements and risk allocations will only be put in place
PPP Preparatory Work 57
58 Public–Private
Partnership Handbook
when the contract is near certain. At this late stage, the lenders may impose their require-
ments on the project. This creates the risk that a winning bidder fails to complete financing
and may have to withdraw. This highlights the importance of critically assessing the financial
resources and borrowing capacity of potential bidders during prequalification. A useful tool
is the imposition of a bid bond or a deposit payment by the bidder that is forfeited in case
the winning bidder withdraws.
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: