Проблемы современной науки и образования

Vulnerable factors
IUCN's report on "Indigenous peoples and climate change" in March 2008 determined that: 
Vulnerable factors of indigenous communities to climate changes are classified into two groups: 
socially vulnerable factors and biophysical vulnerable factors. The lack of sources of income, assets 
and money is one of the determinants of socio-economic vulnerability of indigenous people. The 
impacts of climate changes will exacerbate the poverty of the communities who mainly live based on a 
self-sufficient agriculture. On the other hand, climate change is expected to have a negative impact on 
poverty reduction efforts and create many challenges for the United Nations Millennium Development 
Goals (MDGs). 
In addition, climate changes have indirect effects on the livelihoods of the poor: reducing crop 
yields in countries with low latitudes, food insecurity and malnutrition will affect the health of 
millions of people, and increase the mortality rate for births and children. The most vulnerable groups 
include rural people, especially those living in disadvantageous areas, cattle farmers, urban poor, 
refugees and migrants [1]. 
A research conducted by UNDP and Vietnam's Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment in 
2008 on climate changes has shown that climate change has potential impacts on different fields, 
regions and communities. It impacts three (i) economic sectors (including agriculture, forestry, 
fisheries, energy, transportation, industry, construction and tourism) (ii) society (health) human health) 
and (iii) environment (including water resources, forest resources, marine resources, ecosystems and 
biodiversity and air quality). The areas which are most vulnerable to the impacts of climate changes 
are small islands, deltas of large rivers, coastal strips, and mountains, the impacts of climate changes 
are on everyone. However, the poor are the most vulnerable [2]. 
Project Report “Developing resilience: Adaptation strategies for coastal livelihoods which are 
most at risk due to the impacts of climate changes in Central Vietnam” [3] examine ways to restore 
livelihood systems in the Central Coastal Region of Vietnam, where are most likely impacted by 
climate changes. The report identifies measures to formulate adaptation strategies to reduce the 
vulnerability of coastal livelihoods and build resilience due to the impacts of climate change; building 
resilience to the social and ecological systems that depend on the impacts of climate changes and 
strengthen the capacity to deliver quality services of these systems.
The study by Le Ha Phuong "Assessing the impacts and vulnerability of climate changes to 
agriculture and aquaculture production in Quang Ninh district, Quang Binh province" (2014) assessing 

---

46 
the impact of catastrophic phenomena for production activities and the vulnerability of people's 
livelihoods in the context of climate changes and the complicated evolution of disasters, propose 
reasonable solutions and strategies to improve livelihoods for households in the face of increasingly 
complex developments in climate changes.
Perspectives on poverty and multidimensional poverty 
Up to now, although there is no official definition, many poverty conceptions are now being 
recognized by countries, including two current poverty assessment perspectives: income poverty and 
multidimensional poverty. 
World Summit on Social Development, held in 1995, introduces the definition of poverty: "The 
poor are all those who earn less than a dollar a day for each person, the money is considered enough to 
buy the products needed to survive." 
Galbraith, an American economist, also thought: People are considered poor when their income, 
even though it is appropriate for them to survive and falls significantly below community income. 
Then they cannot have what most people in the community consider to be the minimum necessary to 
live properly. 
These two concepts assess poverty based on income/expenditure.
A broader concept of poverty is launched by the Conference on Anti-Poverty in the Asia-Pacific 
Region (ESCAP) in Bangkok, Thailand in September 1993: “Poverty is a part of the population that 
does not enjoy and satisfy basic human needs, but these needs have been recognized by the society 
according to the level of socio-economic development and the customs and practices of the locality”. 
The research groups of UNDP, UNFPA and UNICEF in the project “Hunger eradication and 
poverty reduction in Vietnam -1995” has defined: “Poverty is the inability to participate in national 
life, especially in the economic field.” 
According to the United Nations (UN): “Poverty is the lack of minimum capacity to effectively 
participate in social activities. Poverty means not having enough food, enough clothing, no education, 
no medical care, no land to grow crops or no job to support themselves, or no access to credit. Poverty 
also means insecurity, no rights, and exclusion of individuals, households and communities. Poverty 
means being vulnerable to violence, having to live outside society or in risky conditions, without 
access to safe water and safe sanitation” (United Nations Declaration in June 2008 adopted by leaders 
of all UN organizations). 
Thus, multidimensional poverty can be understood as the situation where people do not meet one 
or some basic needs in life. 
For poor income: People at the poverty line are those who have total income equivalent to 
minimum expenditure. 
For multidimensional poverty: The multidimensional deprivation threshold is the level of 
deprivation that if a household is deficient by more than this level is considered to lack basic needs.