v
=
post-money valuation
i
=
equity investment by investors
f
=
shares of founder’s stock
p
=
percent of company owned by investors
s
=
shares issued to investor
t
=
total shares outstanding
p
=
i
v
f
=
(1
−
p)
×
t
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P2: c/d
QC: e/f
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ANALYSIS OF A FINANCIAL MODEL
F I G U R E 1 4 . 7
Alternative View of the Calculation Related to Post-Money
Valuation
F I G U R E 1 4 . 8
Names of the Input and Output Cells Underlying the
Calculation Related to Post-Money Valuation
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QC: e/f
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t
=
f
(1
−
p)
s
=
t
−
f
s
=
f
(1
−
p)
−
f
S T O C K O P T I O N S ’ E F F E C T O N C A P I T A L I Z A T I O N
C H A R T
The final step in building Napavale’s Cap Chart is to track and reflect the
effect of issuing stock options to employees on Napavale’s Cap Chart. Stock
options, a popular form of equity-based compensation in many companies,
represent financial instruments that give the holder the right, but not the
obligation, to purchase the stock of a company at a given price during a
specified period of time.
Stock options are often “granted,” or given to employees, at an exercise
price equal to the then-market value of the underlying stock. In other words,
when stock options are given to employees, the price at which the recipient
may eventually purchase stock of the company is often equal to the then-
current market price of the underlying stock. Accounting for stock options
is a complex and somewhat controversial topic. This book is not meant to
cover any of the issues surrounding the accounting for stock options and
this section of the book does not affect any other sections of Napavale’s
financial model (except for the Cap Chart).
Many stock options “vest” over time, which means they are not “exer-
cisable” until some point in the future. This is another way of saying that
option holders may not exercise their options until a specified period of time
has elapsed since they were granted the options (often 2 to 3 years from
the date of option grant). As such, while stock options may be issued and
outstanding, generally speaking, stock options do not count toward a com-
pany’s number of shares outstanding and thus do not affect a company’s
Cap Chart using “issued and outstanding” stock as a basis for measuring
the ownership structure of a company.
To account for this issue of stock options and a company’s ownership,
I have measured Napavale’s ownership on both an undiluted and a diluted
basis. Undiluted means the ownership of Napavale taking into account only
issued and outstanding stock in the company. Diluted ownership means the
ownership of Napavale taking into account outstanding future potential
claims on equity of the company (such as stock options).
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QC: e/f
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ANALYSIS OF A FINANCIAL MODEL
F I G U R E 1 4 . 9
Updated Cap Chart
Figure 14.9 presents a view of Napavale’s updated Cap Chart that
incorporates the assumption that 20,000 stock options have been issued to
employees. The values and formulas underlying Napavale’s updated Cap
Chart are shown in Figure 14.10. Figure 14.11 presents a view of the names
of the input and output cells underlying Napavale’s updated Cap Chart.
F I G U R E 1 4 . 1 0
Alternative View of the Updated Cap Chart
P1: a/b
P2: c/d
QC: e/f
T1: g
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F I G U R E 1 4 . 1 1
Names of the Input and Output Cells Underlying the Updated Cap
Chart
Q U E S T I O N S
Each of the questions for this chapter relates to the hypothetical company
named Company 456—this company was used in the Questions section of
Chapters 12 and 13. To review, Company 456 sells display monitors to
physicians. As such, Company 456 is a product-oriented (as opposed to a
service-oriented) business.
The questions for this chapter address fiscal year X4 on a quarterly basis
(four specific quarters, 1Q–4Q for year X4). The following questions will
test your knowledge of the material covered in this chapter in an applied
manner—specifically, you will be asked to build a founding Capitalization
Chart for Company 456, calculate the effect of an equity investment into
Company 456 on Company 456’s Capitalization Chart, and calculate the ef-
fect of the issuance of stock options on Company 456’s Capitalization Chart.
To prepare you for this chapter’s questions, please assume that Com-
pany 456 was founded by three individuals and that (1) the first founder
received 50 percent of the founding equity and (2) the second and third
founders each received 25 percent of the founding equity in Company 456.
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ANALYSIS OF A FINANCIAL MODEL
F I G U R E Q 1 4 . 1
Company 456’s Assumptions and Dashboard Worksheet
More specifically, please assume that (1) the first founder received 500,000
shares of stock and (2) the second and third founders each received 250,000
shares of stock upon Company 456’s founding.
In terms of stock options, please assume that 200,000 stock options (all
of which are unvested) are issued to employees at Company 456 following
the equity investment of $250,000 into Company 456 in Q1 X4. This equity
investment is shown in Figure Q14.1, Company 456’s Assumptions and
F I G U R E Q 1 4 . 2
Company 456’s Cash Budget
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QC: e/f
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F I G U R E Q 1 4 . 3
Company 456’s Valuation Worksheet
Dashboard worksheet. Figure Q14.2 offers a view of Company 456’s Cash
Budget. Company 456’s Valuation worksheet is shown in Figure Q14.3.
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