Principles of classification of English consonants and vowels Principles of classification of English consonants

Morphological and syntactical neologismsare usually built on patterns existing in the language, therefore they do not belong to the group of strong neologisms.

Here also belong:

-- call-and-recall - вызов на диспансеризацию,

-- bioastronomy -search for life on other planets,

-- rat-out - betrayal in danger ,

-- zero-zero (double zero) - ban of longer and shorter range weapon,

-- x-rated /about films terribly vulgar and cruel/,

-- Ameringlish /American

Formation of neologisms:

-- affixation

peacenik

Bookateria

-- abbreviation/blending

lol

-- word overlapping

swellegant

-- compounding

skinhead

greenback

-- forming new words from combinations & sentences

bold-headish

6 o'clockish

-- forming new words according to already existing productive patterns

fingersmith - карманник

-- lexicalization

ism - as an independent word

teens

 

Archaisms are the language units that were current at one time but have passed out of use. It can be word, phrase or the use of spelling, letter or syntax. They are substituted by synonyms: # betwixt - between; hapless - unlikely. Some of them remain in a language but are used as stylistic devices to express solemnity. Used in poetry, law, etc.

Types: - literary (seek to awoke the style of older speech and writing);

- lexical (the use of words no longer in common use).

Archaisms are frequently misunderstood, leading to changes in usage. One example is the use of the archaic familiar second person singular pronoun "thou" to refer to God in English Christianity. Although originally a familiar pronoun, it has been misinterpreted as a respectful one by many modern Christians.

Used by lawyers in written form: # heretofore, hereunto, thereof

Religious context - # with this ring I thee wed

Obsolete words (lexical archaism) were once common but now are rare. Obsolete term is the one which is not in an active use any more.

Lexical archaisms: horse - steed; kill - slay; sorrow - woe.

Sometimes an archaism can get a new meaning: # fair - original meaning `beautiful'.

Sometimes roots of words remain and affixes change - # beauteous.

include inflectional morphemes (or inflections) and affixational morphemes (or affixes). Inflections carry only grammatical meaning and are thus relevant only for the formation of word-forms, whereas affixes are relevant for building various types of stems'

Structurally morphemes fall into three types:

-- free morphemes;

-- bound morphemes;

-- semi-bound (semi-free) morphemes.

A free morpheme is defined as one that coincides with the stem or a word-form.

For example, the root-morpheme friend- of the noun friendship is naturally qualified as a free morpheme because it coincides with one of the forms of the word friend.