Present perfect continuous (Hozirgi tugallangan davomli zamon shakli)

Present perfect continuous
(Hozirgi tugallangan davomli zamon shakli)
1)O’tgan zamonda boshlanib hozirgacha davom etayotgan ish-harakatining davomiyligini ko’rsatish uchun ishlatiladi. Asosan for, since, all morning/day/year so’zlari bilan.
Sean has been writing letters all morning.
Shon ertalabdan beri xatlar yozyapti.
I have been learning English for five years.
Men ingliz tilini 5 yildan buyon o’rganyapman.
Structure:(+) Subject+have/has been+verb+ing.
(?)Have/Has+subject+been+verb+ing?
(-) Subject+haven’t/hasn’t been+verb+ing.
2)O’tgan zamonda boshlanib, bir muddat davom etgan yoki hozirgacha davom etayotgan ish-harakatga ishlatiladi. Hozirgi zamonda ish-harakatning natijasi ko’rinib turadi.
Mrs Lyon is upset. Her students have been misbehaving since lunchtime.
Layon honim hafa. Uning o’quvchilari tushdan buyon o’zlarini yomon tutishyapti.
3)Zerikish yoki jahlni ifodalashda ishlatiladi.
Someone has been throwing their rubbish into my garden
.Kimdir chiqindilarni mening bog’imga tashlayapti.
I have been waiting for you for two hours.
Men seni ikki soatdan beri kutib turibman.
4)Eslatma: live, work, teach va feel fe’llari ham Present Perfect ham Present perfect zamonida ishlatilishi mumkin. Ma’nosi ikkala zamonda ham bir xil bo’ladi:

She has taught/ has been teaching Physics for more than fifteen years.

U fizikani 15 yildan ortiq o’qitib kelyapti.
have been reading
You have been reading
He has been reading
She has been reading
It has been reading
We have been reading
You have been reading
They have been reading
I haven’t been reading
You haven’t been reading
He hasn’t been reading
She hasn’t been reading
It hasn’t been reading
We haven’t been reading
You haven’t been reading
They haven’t been reading
Have I been reading?
Have you been reading?
Has he been reading?
Has she been reading?
Has it been reading?
Have we been reading?
Have you been reading?
Have they been reading

For- davomida

Since- dan buyon
how long- qachondan buyon
Lately- yaqindan beri
Recently- yaqindan beri

Past Perfect simple tense (uzoq o'tgan zamon) - o'tgan zamondagi biror voqea yoki paytdan oldin bo'lib o'tgan ish-harakatlarni bildirish uchun qo'llaniladi, shuning uchun ham mazkur zamonni uzoq o'tgan zamon deb atashsa kerak.

▪️ Masalan, siz kecha ziyofatga bordingiz, lekin u yerda yaqin do'stingiz Sobirni ko'rmadingiz, chunki u siz kelguncha uyiga ketib bo'lgan ekan.
▪️ Ingliz tilida ayni shunday holatlar uchun, ya'ni "Sobir uyiga ketib bo'lgan ekan" degan ma'noni berish uchun Past Perfect simple tense qo'llaniladi. Mazkur gap ingliz tilida qanday bo'lishini ko'ramiz.
🔸When I arrived (o'tgan zamondagi ish-harakat) at the party, I didn't meet Sobir there because he had already gone home.
▪️ Bu zamonda egadan keyin had yordamchi fe'li + tog'ri fe'llarga -ed yoki noto'g'ri fe'llarning past participle (verb III) shaklidagi asosiy fe'l qo'llaniladi.
▪️ Positive form:
🔸I had eaten/ worked.
🔸He/she/it had eaten/ worked.
🔸We/you/they had eaten/worked.
▪️ Negative form:
🔸I had not eaten/ worked.
🔸He/she/it had not eaten/ worked
🔸We/you/they had not eaten/worked.
▪️ Question form:
🔸Had I eaten/ worked?
🔸Had he/she/it eaten/ worked?
🔸Had we/you/they eaten/worked?
▪️ Misollar:
🔸 When Tom came, the workers had already finished the work. (Tom kelganida, ishchilar allaqachon ishni tugatishgan edi)
🔸Sobir had done the homework by 6 o'clock yesterday. (Sobir kecha soat 6 gacha uy vazifasini bajarib bo'lgan edi)

Past perfect simple tense qo'llanish holatlari

1️⃣ Uzoq o'tgan zamon odatda yo'lg'iz o'zi emas, boshqa o'tgan zamondagi (past simple) ish-harakat bilan ko'p qo'llaniladi. Bunda uzoq o'tgan zamonda ifodalangan ish-harakat o'tgan zamondagi ish-harakatdan oldin bo'lib o'tganligi ko'rsatiladi.
🔸Tom had already gone home when I arrived at the party. (Men ziyofatga kelganimda (o'tgan zamon), Tom allaqachon uyiga ketgan ekan (uzoq o'tgan zamon).
2️⃣ Uzoq o'tgan zamon as soon as/after/before/by the time/when/until bog'lovchilari bilan ham qo'llaniladi.
🔸After we had found a place to stay we went to a restaurant. (Yashashga joy topganimizdan keyin biz restarantga yo'l oldik)
Tom had washed his car before we set off a journey.
🔸The film had already started by the time we got to the cinema.
🔸As soon as he had finished his homework, he was allowed to watch TV.
🔸We had packed all the necessary things by the time Tom came.
💡when bog'lovchisi o'tgan zamondagi fe'l bilan ham qo'llanishini avvalgi mavzularda ko'rib o'tgan edik. Uzoq o'tgan zamonda qo'llanilganda esa when after (keyin) bo'g'lovchi ma'nosida qo'llaniladi.
🔸When (After) I had repaired the car, we could continue our trip.
4️⃣ Ingliz tilida inkor ma'noli ravishlar - hardly/barely/scarcely (deyarli yo'q, zo'rg'a) - uzoq o'tgan zamonda juda ko'p qo'llaniladi.
🔸I had barely heard of him until that day. (U haqda men o'sha kungacha deyarli hech narsa bilmasdim.)
4️⃣ Uzoq o'tgan zamon (past perfect simple) hozirgi tugallangan zamon (present perfect simple) ning o'tgan zamon shakli sifatida qo'llaniladi, ya'ni o'tgan zamonda natijasi ayon bo'lgan ish-harakatni bildiradi. Qiyoslang:
🔸My car is clean. I have washed it. (Hozirda natijasi ayon bo'lgan ish-harakat)
🔸My car was clean. I had washed it. (O'tgan zamonda natijasi ayon bo'lgan ish-harakat)

💡Mazkur holatda Past perfect simpleda Present perfect simpleda ishlatiladigan payt ravishlari ham (already, just, ever, never, yet va h.k.) ishlatiladi.

Present perfect continuous

(Hozirgi tugallangan davomli zamon shakli)
1)O’tgan zamonda boshlanib hozirgacha davom etayotgan ish-harakatining davomiyligini ko’rsatish uchun ishlatiladi. Asosan for, since, all morning/day/year so’zlari bilan.
Sean has been writing letters all morning.
Shon ertalabdan beri xatlar yozyapti.
I have been learning English for five years.
Men ingliz tilini 5 yildan buyon o’rganyapman.
Structure:(+) Subject+have/has been+verb+ing.
(?)Have/Has+subject+been+verb+ing?
(-) Subject+haven’t/hasn’t been+verb+ing.
2)O’tgan zamonda boshlanib, bir muddat davom etgan yoki hozirgacha davom etayotgan ish-harakatga ishlatiladi. Hozirgi zamonda ish-harakatning natijasi ko’rinib turadi.
Mrs Lyon is upset. Her students have been misbehaving since lunchtime.
Layon honim hafa. Uning o’quvchilari tushdan buyon o’zlarini yomon tutishyapti.
3)Zerikish yoki jahlni ifodalashda ishlatiladi.
Someone has been throwing their rubbish into my garden
.Kimdir chiqindilarni mening bog’imga tashlayapti.
I have been waiting for you for two hours.
Men seni ikki soatdan beri kutib turibman.
4)Eslatma: live, work, teach va feel fe’llari ham Present Perfect ham Present perfect zamonida ishlatilishi mumkin. Ma’nosi ikkala zamonda ham bir xil bo’ladi:

She has taught/ has been teaching Physics for more than fifteen years.

U fizikani 15 yildan ortiq o’qitib kelyapti.
have been reading
You have been reading
He has been reading
She has been reading
It has been reading
We have been reading
You have been reading
They have been reading
I haven’t been reading
You haven’t been reading
He hasn’t been reading
She hasn’t been reading
It hasn’t been reading
We haven’t been reading
You haven’t been reading
They haven’t been reading
Have I been reading?
Have you been reading?
Has he been reading?
Has she been reading?
Has it been reading?
Have we been reading?
Have you been reading?
Have they been reading

For- davomida

Since- dan buyon
how long- qachondan buyon
Lately- yaqindan beri
Recently- yaqindan beri

Past Perfect simple tense (uzoq o'tgan zamon) - o'tgan zamondagi biror voqea yoki paytdan oldin bo'lib o'tgan ish-harakatlarni bildirish uchun qo'llaniladi, shuning uchun ham mazkur zamonni uzoq o'tgan zamon deb atashsa kerak.

▪️ Masalan, siz kecha ziyofatga bordingiz, lekin u yerda yaqin do'stingiz Sobirni ko'rmadingiz, chunki u siz kelguncha uyiga ketib bo'lgan ekan.
▪️ Ingliz tilida ayni shunday holatlar uchun, ya'ni "Sobir uyiga ketib bo'lgan ekan" degan ma'noni berish uchun Past Perfect simple tense qo'llaniladi. Mazkur gap ingliz tilida qanday bo'lishini ko'ramiz.
🔸When I arrived (o'tgan zamondagi ish-harakat) at the party, I didn't meet Sobir there because he had already gone home.
▪️ Bu zamonda egadan keyin had yordamchi fe'li + tog'ri fe'llarga -ed yoki noto'g'ri fe'llarning past participle (verb III) shaklidagi asosiy fe'l qo'llaniladi.
▪️ Positive form:
🔸I had eaten/ worked.
🔸He/she/it had eaten/ worked.
🔸We/you/they had eaten/worked.
▪️ Negative form:
🔸I had not eaten/ worked.
🔸He/she/it had not eaten/ worked
🔸We/you/they had not eaten/worked.
▪️ Question form:
🔸Had I eaten/ worked?
🔸Had he/she/it eaten/ worked?
🔸Had we/you/they eaten/worked?
▪️ Misollar:
🔸 When Tom came, the workers had already finished the work. (Tom kelganida, ishchilar allaqachon ishni tugatishgan edi)
🔸Sobir had done the homework by 6 o'clock yesterday. (Sobir kecha soat 6 gacha uy vazifasini bajarib bo'lgan edi)

Past perfect simple tense qo'llanish holatlari

1️⃣ Uzoq o'tgan zamon odatda yo'lg'iz o'zi emas, boshqa o'tgan zamondagi (past simple) ish-harakat bilan ko'p qo'llaniladi. Bunda uzoq o'tgan zamonda ifodalangan ish-harakat o'tgan zamondagi ish-harakatdan oldin bo'lib o'tganligi ko'rsatiladi.
🔸Tom had already gone home when I arrived at the party. (Men ziyofatga kelganimda (o'tgan zamon), Tom allaqachon uyiga ketgan ekan (uzoq o'tgan zamon).
2️⃣ Uzoq o'tgan zamon as soon as/after/before/by the time/when/until bog'lovchilari bilan ham qo'llaniladi.
🔸After we had found a place to stay we went to a restaurant. (Yashashga joy topganimizdan keyin biz restarantga yo'l oldik)
Tom had washed his car before we set off a journey.
🔸The film had already started by the time we got to the cinema.
🔸As soon as he had finished his homework, he was allowed to watch TV.
🔸We had packed all the necessary things by the time Tom came.
💡when bog'lovchisi o'tgan zamondagi fe'l bilan ham qo'llanishini avvalgi mavzularda ko'rib o'tgan edik. Uzoq o'tgan zamonda qo'llanilganda esa when after (keyin) bo'g'lovchi ma'nosida qo'llaniladi.
🔸When (After) I had repaired the car, we could continue our trip.
4️⃣ Ingliz tilida inkor ma'noli ravishlar - hardly/barely/scarcely (deyarli yo'q, zo'rg'a) - uzoq o'tgan zamonda juda ko'p qo'llaniladi.
🔸I had barely heard of him until that day. (U haqda men o'sha kungacha deyarli hech narsa bilmasdim.)
4️⃣ Uzoq o'tgan zamon (past perfect simple) hozirgi tugallangan zamon (present perfect simple) ning o'tgan zamon shakli sifatida qo'llaniladi, ya'ni o'tgan zamonda natijasi ayon bo'lgan ish-harakatni bildiradi. Qiyoslang:
🔸My car is clean. I have washed it. (Hozirda natijasi ayon bo'lgan ish-harakat)
🔸My car was clean. I had washed it. (O'tgan zamonda natijasi ayon bo'lgan ish-harakat)

💡Mazkur holatda Past perfect simpleda Present perfect simpleda ishlatiladigan payt ravishlari ham (already, just, ever, never, yet va h.k.) ishlatiladi.