Практическая грамматика

Dancing had not begun yet... (Mansfield)
Танцы еще не начались.
b) by an infinitive:
She enjoyed sitting in the sun.
Ей очень нравилось сидеть на солнце.
с) by деепричастие.
Jolyon stood a moment without speaking. (Galsworthy)
Джолион стоял мгновение, не говоря ни слова.
d) by a subordinate clause.
He regretted now having come. (Galsworthy)
Теперь он сожалел, что пришел.
It should be noted that though the active forms of the gerund may be rendered in different ways, the passive forms are nearly always rendered by a clause.
I felt relieved at being left alone.
Я почувствовал облегчение от того, что меня оставили в покое.
§ 17. The tense distinctions of the gerund.
The tense distinctions of the gerund, like those of the participle, are not absolute but relative.
1. The Indefinite Gerund Active and Passive denotes an action simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb; depending on the tense form of the finite verb it may refer to the present, past, or future.
I was tired of reading and dead sleepy.
Я устал от чтения и ужасно хотел спать.
Gwendolen will not rest without having the world at her feet. (Eliot)
Гвендолен не успокоится, пока весь мир не будет у ее ног.
No one could pass in or out without being seen. (Dickens)
Никто не мог ни войти, ни выйти так, чтобы его не видели.
2. The Perfect Gerund denotes an action prior to that of the finite verb. He didn’t remember ever having seen her in black.
Он не помнил, видел ли он когда-нибудь ее в черном.
She denies having spoken with him.
Она отрицает, что говорила с ним.
However, the Perfect Gerund does not always express a prior action; in some cases we find an Indefinite Gerund. This occurs after the verbs to remember, to excuse, to forgive, to thank and after the prepositions on (upon), after and without.
I paused outside the door on hearing my mother’s voice.