Polio: An
American Story
, Salk never acknowledged “the people in his own lab. This group, seated proudly
together in the packed auditorium, would feel painfully snubbed. . . . Salk’s coworkers from
Pittsburgh . . . had come expecting to be honored by their boss. A tribute seemed essential, and long
overdue.” This was especially true from a matcher’s perspective. One colleague told a reporter, “At
the beginning, I saw him as a father figure. And at the end, an
evil father figure
.”
Over time, it became clear that Julius Youngner felt particularly slighted. “Everybody likes to get
credit for what they’ve done,” Youngner told Oshinsky. “It was a big shock.” The snub fractured their
relationship: Youngner left Salk’s lab in 1957 and went on to make a number of important
contributions to virology and immunology. In 1993, they finally crossed paths at the University of
Pittsburgh, and Youngner shared his feelings. “We were in the audience, your closest colleagues and
devoted associates, who worked hard and faithfully for the same goal that you desired,” Youngner
began. “Do you remember whom you mentioned and whom you left out? Do you realize how
devastated we were at that moment and ever afterward when you persisted in making your coworkers
invisible?” Youngner reflected that Salk “was clearly shaken by these memories and offered little
response.”
Jonas Salk’s moment of taking sole credit haunted him for the rest of his career. He launched the
Salk Institute for Biological Studies, where hundreds of researchers continue to push the envelope of
humanitarian science today. But Salk’s own productivity waned—later in his career, he tried
unsuccessfully to develop an AIDS vaccine—and he was shunned by his colleagues. He never won a
Nobel Prize, and he was never elected to the prestigious National Academy of Sciences.
*
“In the
coming years, almost every prominent polio researcher would gain entrance,” Oshinsky writes. “The
main exception, of course, was Jonas Salk. . . . As one observer put it, Salk had broken the ‘unwritten
commandments’ of scientific research,” which included “Thou shalt give credit to others.” According
to Youngner, “People really held it against him that he had grandstanded like that and really done the
most un-collegial thing that you can imagine.”
Salk thought his colleagues were jealous. “If someone does something and gets credit for it, then
there is this tendency to have this competitive response,” he acknowledged in
rare comments about
the incident
. “I was not unscathed by Ann Arbor.” But Salk passed away in 1995 without ever
acknowledging the contributions of his colleagues. Ten years later, in 2005, the University of
Pittsburgh held an event to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of the vaccine announcement. With
Youngner in attendance, Salk’s son, AIDS researcher
Peter Salk
, finally set the record straight. “It
was not the accomplishment of one man. It was the accomplishment of a dedicated and skilled team,”
Peter Salk said. “This was a collaborative effort.”
It appears that Jonas Salk made the same mistake as Frank Lloyd Wright: he saw himself as
independent rather than interdependent. Instead of earning the idiosyncrasy credits that George Meyer
attained, Salk was penalized by his colleagues for taking sole credit.
Why didn’t Salk ever credit the contributions of his colleagues to the development of the polio
vaccine? It’s possible that he was jealously guarding his own accomplishments, as a taker would
naturally do, but I believe there’s a more convincing answer: he didn’t feel they deserved credit. Why
would that be?
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