Praise belongs to Allah, the Lord of the Worlds, and peace and blessings be upon our master Muhammad



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Imam Abu Hanifa

The Jabarites
 
 
During the time of the Companions, may Allah be pleased with them, the question of the Divine Decree 
and man’s will and power in relation to the will and power of Allah Almighty was a subject discussed by the 
Muslims but the nature of the Arab mind and soul, close as it was to the natural state, prevented them from 
going too deeply into the matter and becoming obsessed by it. After their time, however, when the Muslims 
started to mix with the people of ancient religions and other intellectual traditions, their schools and sects 
multiplied and their investigations expanded and they followed the methods of the adherents of ancient 
religions in studying these topics. 
One group claimed that man does not create his actions and that no actions whatsoever can be truly 
ascribed to him. The basic position of this school was to deny that the action of the slave had any reality and 
to ascribe it to Allah altogether. Since the creature has in reality no ‘capacity’ of his own, it must be that he is 
compelled in his actions without any power, volition or choice. Allah Almighty creates the actions in him and 
actions can only be ascribed to him metaphorically in the same way as they are ascribed to inanimates, just as 
a tree produces fruit, a stone moves, water flows, or the sun rises and sets, and other such things. Reward and 
punishment are predetermined and so obligation is also predetermined. It is difficult to ascertain who was the 
first to espouse this position, but the idea was certainly already widespread in Umayyad times so that it 
became a school of thought. 
Although it is difficult to state with certainty who was responsible for the formation of this position as a 
school, it is usually attributed to al-Jahm ibn Safwan because he was the major proponent of it. He also 
espoused other views. He claimed that the Garden and the Fire will vanish and that nothing is eternal, and that 
when “eternity” is mentioned in the Qur’an, it merely means “a long time”. He also stated that faith was only 
recognition and that disbelief was ignorance, and that the knowledge and speech of Allah are located in time. 
He went further and stated that Allah cannot be described with any attributes, even life, and that the Qur’an is 
created. 

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