Praise belongs to Allah, the Lord of the Worlds, and peace and blessings be upon our master Muhammad



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Imam Abu Hanifa

The 
Sunna
 and Opinion
 
 
From the death of the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, until the time of ash-Shafi‘i there 
were basically two groups of 
fuqaha’,
one of which was famous for opinion and the other for transmission. 
Among the Companions some were famous for opinion and some for 
hadith
and transmission. Such was the 
case with the 
Tabi‘un
and the generation after them and then the 
mujtahid
Imams: Abu Hanifa, Malik and the 
fuqaha’
of the various cities. Some were famous for opinion and some for 
hadith
. We will now briefly explain 
this. 
Ash-Shahrastani said in 
al-Milal wa’n-Nihal
, “The situations which arise out of acts of worship and daily 
life are endless and we know absolutely that there is not a text for every situation, nor is that conceivable. 
Because the texts are limited and situations are not, ijtihad and analogy must be considered in order that every 
situation may be brought within the compass of the 
Shari‘a
. After the death of the Prophet, may Allah bless 
him and grant him peace, the Companions were faced with innumerable new situations. They had the Book of 
Allah Almighty and the 
Sunna
of the Messenger of Allah.
“So in regard to the events which befell them they had recourse to the Book, and, if they found a clear 
ruling, they carried it out. If there was no judgement in the Book, they resorted to the 
Sunna
of the Messenger 
of Allah, and consulted the memories of his Companions to ascertain the ruling of the Prophet in similar 
cases. If there was no one who knew anything they exercised 
ijtihad
in their opinions. So they proceeded to 
examine the case in the light of the Book, then the 
Sunna
, and then opinion. ‘Umar stated in a letter to Abu 
Musa al-Ash‘ari: ‘Understanding is something which reverberates in your breast which is not in the Book or 
Sunna
. Learn similarities and likenesses, and form analogies on that basis.’ 
“The Companions used opinion but disagreed as to how much it should be used. Some used it more often 
than others and some hesitated if there were no text from the Book or a followed 
sunna

“They were in agreeement about relying on the Book and a known 
sunna 
if one existed but if they did not 
find a known 
sunna,
the famous 
fuqaha’
used opinion. If any of them were unsure about their recollection of a 
hadith
of the Messenger of Allah or of his 
fatwa
about a matter, they preferred not to relate it but to give a 
decision by opinion, fearing that relating it might involve lies against the Messenger of Allah. It is reported 
that ‘Imran ibn Husayn used to say, ‘By Allah, I think that if I had wished, I could have related from the 
Messenger of Allah for two consecutive days; but I was deterred from doing so by men of the Companions of 
the Messenger of Allah who had heard what I heard and had seen what I saw, and who relate 
hadiths
which 
are not exactly as they tell them. I fear that I might be confused like them.’” 
Abu ‘Umar ash-Shaybani said, “I sat with Ibn Mas‘ud and a year would go by without him saying, ‘The 
Messenger of Allah said.’ When he did say, ‘The Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him 
peace, said,’ he trembled and said, ‘like that, or close to it.’” ‘Abdullah ibn Mas‘ud thus preferred to give a 
decision according to his own opinion and to bear the responsibility for it if he was wrong, rather than 
possibly lie about something the Messenger of Allah said or did. He said, after deciding a problem according 
to his opinion, “I say this from my own opinion. If it is right, it is from Allah. If it is wrong, it is from me and 
from Shaytan.” He used to be elated when his opinion accorded with a 

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