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Table 4
Summary of some typical co-monomers to modify the PAMs.
Structure
Initiator
Surfactant
Comments
Ref.
Solution polymerization
K2S2O8TEMED/
(N,N,N,N-
tetramethylethylenediamin
e)
Zwitterionic sulfobetaine
polymer
[68]
(NH4)2S2O8
-
Through this method, the
production is pure
without surfactants.
[69]
63
Table 4
Summary of some typical co-monomers to modify the PAMs. (Cont.)
K2S2O8
SDS
Good resistance to aging
due to simultaneous
incorporation of bulky
side groups
[77]
(NH
4
)
2
S
2
O
8
and sodium
metabisulfite
-
Thermally stable at
120 °C at least for a
period of 1 month.
[127]
*
C
N
H
3
C
CH
3
O
NH
C
CH
2
O
CH
3
H
3
C
S
O
O
ONa
64
Table 4
Summary of some typical co-monomers to modify the PAMs. (Cont.)
K
2
S
2
O
8
without extra
surfactant added;
AIBN with extra
surfactant added.
Cationic
surfactant
Microblocky structures;
[34]
C
NH
2
O
CH
2
CH
2
N
CH
3
H
3
C
CH
3
Br
12
C
NH
2
O
CH
2
N
CH
2
CH
3
H
3
C
CH
3
Cl
11
AIBN
Polymerizable
surfactant
Hydrophobically
modified polyacrylamide
[351]
C
NH
2
C
NH
CH
2
N
C
12
H
25
O
O
CH
3
H
3
C
*
Br
65
Table 4
Summary of some typical co-monomers to modify the PAMs. (Cont.)
C
C
NH
2
ONa
O
O
O
O
O
OH
10
(NH
4
)
2
S
2
O
8
–NaHSO
3
O
O
O
OH
10
Self-polymerizable
surfactant; the copolymer
solution showed a good
ability to emulsify
organic components.
[352]
Telechelic Structure:
O
O
O
O
CN
CN
NH
2
NH
11
11
O
O
n
Multisticker Structure:
OH
OH
O
CN
CN
O
NH
2
NH
N
O
O
O
5
5
n
Azobis(4-cyanopentanoic
acid) (ACVA)
SDS
Three different types of
associative watersoluble
polymers were prepared by
a free radical solution
polymerization. (telechelic,
multisticker and combined
polymers)
[162]
66
Table 4
Summary of some typical co-monomers to modify the PAMs. (Cont.)
Combined structure:
O
O
O
CN
CN
O
NH
2
NH
N
O
O
O
5
5
n
11
11
C
C
CH
2
NH
2
ONa
O
CH
2
CH
2
O
R
O
O
n
K
2
S
2
O
8
/NaHSO
3
-
Comb-shaped
[29]
C
NH
2
CH
2
O
C
ONa
O
O
K
2
S
2
O
8
/NaHSO
3
-
Inclusion property.
[184]
67
Table 4
Summary of some typical co-monomers to modify the PAMs. (Cont.)
C
NH
2
C
NH
CH
2
N
CH
2
SO
3
Na
O
O
CH
3
H
3
C
Cl
3
3
C
NH
2
C
NH
C
CH
2
SO
3
Na
O
O
CH
3
H
3
C
K
2
S
2
O
8
-
zwitterionic
polyacrylamide
[185]
68
Table 4
Summary of some typical co-monomers to modify the PAMs. (Cont.)
N
C
NH
2
CH
2
SO
3
O
3
K
2
S
2
O
8
/NaHSO
3
zwitterionic
polyacrylamide
[191]
C
NH
2
C
ONa
C
NH
CH
2
CH
2
N
C
12
H
25
H
3
C
CH
3
O
O
O
Br
2,2’-Azobis[2-(2-
imidazolin-2-yl)propane]
dihydrochloride (VA-044)
-
Hydrophobically
associating
[196]
PAM-Al(OH)
3
hybrid polymer
(NH
4
)
2
S
2
O
8
/NaHSO
3
-
Hybrid PAM
[24, 206]
69
Table 4
Summary of some typical co-monomers to modify the PAMs. (Cont.)
Micellar Co-Polymerizaton
K
2
S
2
O
8
Sodium
Dodecyl
Benzene
Sulfonate(SDB
S),
cetyltrimethyla
mmonium
bromide
(CTAB)
Tree-like structure will
form with increasing
NaCl concentration,
[70]
K
2
S
2
O
8
/ NaHSO
3
-
Amphiphilic
polyacrylamide
[78]
Hydrophobic Synthesized
initiator with a long linear
chain (C16)
SDS
Combined thermally
insensitive polymer
[79]
70
Table 4
Summary of some typical co-monomers to modify the PAMs. (Cont.)
C
C
NH
2
O
CH
2
N
CH
2
CH
3
O
O
H
3
C
CH
3
Cl
15
2
V-50 (2,2-azobis(2-
amidinopropane)dihydroch
loride)
C
O
CH
2
N
CH
2
CH
3
O
CH
3
Cl
15
2
H
3
C
;
SDS
Ionic modified polymer
[81]
C
NH
2
O
C
CH
3
H
3
C
CH
3
K
2
S
2
O
8
SDS
Hydrophobic acrylamide-
modified copolymers;
good anti-aging property
in brine solutions at 80°C
[147]
71
Table 4
Summary of some typical co-monomers to modify the PAMs. (Cont.)
C
NH
2
O
NH
C
O
C
N
O
CH
H
2
C
CH
2
CH
3
CH
3
H
3
C
CH
3
5
5
4,4’-azobis(4-
cyanopentanoic acid)
(ACVA)
SDS
Thermal insensitive
hydrophobically
modified polyacrylamide
[213]
C
NH
2
O
NH
C
O
C
N
O
CH
2
11
CH
3
CH
2
H
2
C
CH
2
CH
2
CH
3
CH
3
10
10
C
NH
HC
CH
2
CH
3
O
10
H
2
C
SO
3
Na
K
2
S
2
O
8
C
NH
HC
CH
2
CH
3
O
10
H
2
C
SO
3
Na
Polymerizable
surfactants
[159]
72
Table 4
Summary of some typical co-monomers to modify the PAMs. (Cont.)
AMPS
SDS
Hydrophobically
modified polyacrylamide
[163]
K
2
S
2
O
8
SDS
Hydrophobically
associating acrylamide-
modified terpolymers
containing both cationic
groups and hydrophobic
segments
cationic groups and
hydrophobic segments
[164]
Inverse Emulsion Polymerization
AIBN, BPO, K
2
S
2
O
8
Tween85;
Span 80
[84]
C
NH
2
C
NH
C
CH
2
SO
3
O
O
H
3
C
CH
3
C
C
CH
2
NH
2
O
O
O
CH
2
N
H
3
C
CH
3
CH
3
2
Cl
2
C
NH
2
O
73
Table 4
Summary of some typical co-monomers to modify the PAMs. (Cont.)
K
2
S
2
O
8
/NaHSO
3
R
1
O
O
O
O
O
O
R
2
O
Polymerizable
surfactants
[353]
Living Polymerization
MeClPr/CuCl/Me
6
TREN
as the initiator/catalyst
system
-
Hydrophobically
modified polyacrylamide
[92]
C
C
NH
2
O
O
O
O
23
O
O
R
2
R
1
O
H
3
C
Cl
C
O
CH
2
CH
3
C
stat
O
CH
2
CH
3
C
N
O
O
O
H
3
C CH
3
3
74
Table 4
Summary of some typical co-monomers to modify the PAMs. (Cont.)
Viz.2-chloropropionamide,
(2-Cl-PA) or 2-
bromopropionamide (2-
Br-PA) and CuX (X ) Cl,
Br) bipyridine complex
-
The ATRP of acrylamide
is achived achieved in
glycerol-water medium
at 130 ͦC using both Cl-
and Br-based initiating
system, in presence of
CuX2 and alkli halides.
[93]
Stereospecific
catalyst :Lewis acid
Y(OTf)
3
or AlCl
3
Initiator:chloroacetic
acidAcid/CuCl/N,N,N’,N’
-tetramethyl
ethylenediamine
(TMEDA)
-
Low polydispersity index
of 1.03 and high tacticity
with meso content up to
76% at the optimal
reaction condition.
[94]
Macroinitiator: PAM-Cl
-
Branched high molecular
weight of PAM.
[95]
C
NH
2
O
C
NH
2
O
C
NH
CH
H
3
C
O
CH
3
C
NH
CH
H
3
C
O
CH
3
C
NH
2
O
O
O
75
Table 4
Summary of some typical co-monomers to modify the PAMs. (Cont.)
Halogen-functionalized
aliphatic polyketones
[97]
C
NH
C
S
O
C
HN
CH
2
CH
3
O
O
H
3
C
CH
3
O
O
9
Na
AIBN
-
RAFT; micelle-forming,
amphiphilic copolymers
or “polysoaps”
And (Me6TREN)/copper
halogenide (CuX) as the
catalyst
-
Linear PAM with
apparent molecular
weights up to
>150 000 g/mol and
dispersities as low as
1.39.
[130]
C
NH
2
O
C
NH
CH
H
3
C
O
CH
3
C
NH
2
O
C
NH
CH
H
3
C
O
CH
3
C
NH
2
O
O
O
76
Table 5
Preparative Conditions for Cross-linked PAMs.
Monomer/Polymer
MetalIonomer
Crosslinking Reagents
Initiator
Surfactant
Comments
Ref
Solution polymerization
N-isopropyl
acrylamide
(NIPAM);
acrylamide (AAm);
crotonic acid;
itaconic acid;
aconitic acid;
N,N-methylene
bisacrylamide(Bis)
(NH
4
)
2
S
2
O
8
+
TEMED
-
Environmentally
sensitive hydrogels
responsive to various
Stimuli such as
temperature, pH,
ionic strength of the
medium
[76]
Polyacrylamide
N,N-methylene
bisacrylamide, PEG
diacrylate
-
-
Preformed particle
gel(PPG)
[46, 303-306]
Polyacrylamide
N,N-methylene
bisacrylamide(Bis);
Bentonite clay.
Peroxide
disulfate
-
Preformed particle
gel(PPG)
[43, 214-218]
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