mieli
(m.p.)
mia∏y
(f., n.) they had
Verb endings in -àç change à to ´ in all forms other than the masc. sg., e.g.
zaczàç
begin:
singular:
zaczà∏em
(m.)
zacz´∏am
(f.) I began
zaczà∏eÊ
(m.)
zacz´∏aÊ
(f.) you (sg.) began
zaczà∏
he gave
zacz´∏a
she began
zacz´∏o
it began (n.)
plural:
zacz´liÊmy
(m.p.)
zacz´∏yÊmy
(f.) we began
zacz´liÊcie
(m.p.)
zacz´∏yÊcie
(f.) you (pl.) began
zacz´li
(m.p.)
zacz´∏y
(f., n.) they began.
Verbs with infinitives in -Êç and -c add past-tense endings to stems similar to
those found in the 1st pers. sg. present. For example, here are the past tense
forms of nieÊç nios´ niesiesz carry and móc mog´ mo˝esz can, be able:
singular:
nios∏em
(m.)
nios∏am
(f.)I carried
nios∏eÊ
(m.)
nios∏aÊ
(f.) you (sg.) carried
niós∏
he gave
nios∏a
she carried
nios∏o
it carried (n.)
plural:
nieÊliÊmy
(m.p.)
nios∏yÊmy
(f.) we gave
nieÊliÊcie
(m.p.)
nios∏yÊcie
(f.) you gave
nieÊli
(m.p.)
nios∏y
(f., n.) they gave.
singular:
mog∏em
(m.)
mog∏am
(f.)I could
mog∏eÊ
(m.)
mog∏aÊ
(f.) you (sg.) could
móg∏
he could
mog∏a
she could
mog∏o
it could (n.)
plural:
mogliÊmy
(m.p.)
mog∏yÊmy
(f.) we could
mogliÊcie
(m.p.)
mog∏yÊcie
(f.) you (pl.) could
mogli
(m.p.)
mog∏y
(f., n.) they could.
POLISH GRAMMAR IN A NUTSHELL
576
These verbs have an irregular past-tense formation:
iÊç, id´, idziesz
go-det.
szed∏, sz∏a, szli, sz∏y
jeÊç, jem, jesz, jedzà
eat.
jad∏, jad∏a, jedli, jad∏y
usiàÊç, usiàd´, usiàdziesz
sit down-pf.
usiad∏, usiad∏a, usiedli, usiad∏y
znaleêç, znajd´, znajdziesz
find-pf.
znalaz∏, znalaz∏a, znaleêli, znalaz∏y
.
FUTURE TENSE
The future tense is formed with the auxiliary verb b´d´, b´dziesz,
b´dzie
, b´dziemy, b´dziecie, b´dà, plus the 3rd pers. past form of an
imperfective verb. For example, here is the future of the verb czytaç read:
singular:
b´d´ czyta∏
(m.),
b´d´ czyta∏a
(f.) I am going to read
b´dziesz czyta∏
(m.)
b´dziesz czyta∏a
(f.) you are going to read
b´dzie czyta∏
(m.)
b´dzie czyta∏a
(f.) he/she is going to read
plural:
b´dziemy czytali
(m.p.)
b´dziemy czyta∏y
(f.) we are going to read
b´dziecie czytali
(m.p.)
b´dziecie czyta∏y
(f.) you (pl.) are going to
read
oni b´dà czytali
(m.p.)
one b´dà czyta∏y
(f.) they are going to read
Instead of the past-tense forms, one may also use the infinitive; hence also
b´d´ czytaç
I am going to read. The use of the past-tense forms is more
colloquial, and is practically obligatory with males.
PERFECTIVE AND IMPERFECTIVE ASPECT
The future-tense construction with b´d´ is formed only from
IMPERFECTIVE verbs (verbs naming an on-going activity). With
PERFECTIVE verbs (verbs naming an accomplishment), which have no
present-tense meaning, the present-tense form by itself expresses future
meaning. For example, the verb kupiç buy is perfective, hence its present
forms have future meaning:
kupi´
I will buy
kupimy
we will buy
kupisz
you (sg.) will buy
kupicie
you (pl.) will buy
kupi
he, she, it will buy
kupià
they will buy.
Verbs that are perfective will have a related imperfective verb in order
to express present meaning. With the perfective verb kupiç buy, the
corresponding imperfective verb is kupowaç, whose present-tense forms are
the following:
POLISH GRAMMAR IN A NUTSHELL
577
kupuj´
I am buying, I buy
kupujemy
we are buying, we buy
kupujesz
you (sg.) are buying,
kupujecie
you (pl.) are buying,
you buy
you buy
kupuje
he/she buys, he/she buys kupujà they are buying, they buy.
Perfective (pf.) verbs are often formed from imperfective verbs by
adding a prefix. Here are some common simplex verbs with their primary
perfective prefix:
budowaç, zbudowaç
build
myç si´, umyç si´
wash (self)
chcieç, zechcieç
want
myliç si´, pomyliç si´
err
cieszyç si´, ucieszyç si´
be glad
nieÊç
/nosiç, odnieÊç carry
czekaç, zaczekaç
wait
p∏aciç zap∏aciç
pay
czytaç, przeczytaç
read
p∏akaç
,zap∏akaç cry
dzi´kowaç, podzi´kowaç
thank
piç,wypiç
drink
dziwiç si´, zdziwiç si´
be surprised
pisaç, napisaç
write
gotowaç, przygotowaç
prepare
pytaç, zapytaç
ask
gotowaç, ugotowaç
cook
robiç, zrobiç
do
graç,zagraç
play
rozumieç, zrozumieç
understand
iÊç
/chodziç, pójÊç go (on foot)
s∏yszeç, us∏yszeç
hear
jeÊç, zjeÊç
eat
siedzieç, posiedzieç
sit
jechaç
/jeêdziç, pojechaç go, ride
Êmiaç si´, zaÊmiaç si´
laugh
koƒczyç, skoƒczyç
finish
Êpiewaç, zaÊpiewaç
sing
le˝eç,pole˝eç
lie
taƒczyç, zataƒczyç
dance.
lecieç, polecieç
fly
Imperfective verbs in new meanings are typically formed from prefixed
perfective verbs by adding a suffix. Here are some examples:
Perfective
Derived Imperfective
otworzyç
-rz´ -rzysz open
otwieraç
-am -asz
pokazaç
-˝´ -˝esz show
pokazywaç
-am -asz
pomóc
-mog´ -mo˝esz help
pomagaç
-am -asz
poznaç
-am -asz meet
poznawaç
-znaj´ -znajesz
przypomnieç
-n´ -nisz remind
przypominaç
-am -asz
spotkaç
-am -asz meet
spotykaç
-am -asz
u˝yç
-yj´, -yjesz use
u˝ywaç
-am -asz
wygraç
-am -asz win
wygrywaç
-am -asz
zaczàç
-n´ -niesz begin
zaczynaç
-am -asz
zamknàç
-n´ -niesz close, shut
zamyka
ç
-am -asz
zamówiç
-wi´ -wisz order
zamawiaç
-am -asz
zaprosiç
-sz´ -sisz invite
zapraszaç
-am -asz
zdarzyç si´
-y occur
zdarzaç si´
-a
zostawi´
-wi´ -isz leave behind
zostawiaç
-am -asz.
A few verbs have irregular aspect partners:
Imperfective:
Perfective:
braç
bior´, bierzesz take
wziàç
wezm´, weêmiesz
dawaç
daj´, dajesz give
daç
dam, dasz, dadzà
POLISH GRAMMAR IN A NUTSHELL
578
k∏aÊç
k∏ad´ k∏adziesz put, place, lay po∏o˝yç -˝´ -˝ysz
kupowaç
-puj´ -pujesz buy
kupiç
-pi´ -pisz
mówiç
-wi´ -wisz say, speak, talk
powiedzieç
-wiem -wiesz -wiedzà
oglàdaç
-am -asz view, watch
obejrzeç
-rz´ -rzysz
widzieç
-dz´ -dzisz see
zobaczyç
-cz´ -czysz
znaleêç
znajd´ znajdziesz find
znajdowaç
-duj´ -dujesz
SUMMARY: THE POLISH TENSE-ASPECT SYSTEM
Imperfective
Perfective
present
robi´
past
robi∏em
zrobi∏em
future
b´d´ robi∏
(a)
zrobi´
VERBS OF MOTION
Polish distinguishes between movement on foot and movement by
conveyance. In either case, the simple verbs for motion distinguish on-going
(determinate) activity from frequentative (indeterminate) activity. This
distinction holds in the imperfective aspect only. Here are the most
important verbs concerned:
determinate
indeterminate
go on foot
iÊç
id´, idziesz
chodziç
-dz´ -dzisz
go by conveyance
jechaç
jad´, jedziesz
jeêdziç
je˝d˝´, jeêdzisz
carry on foot
nieÊç
nios´, niesiesz
nosiç
nosz´, nosisz
carry by conveyance
wieêç
wioz´, wieziesz
woziç
wo˝´, wozisz
run
biec
biegn´, biegniesz
biegaç
biegam, biegasz
fly, rush
lecieç
lec´, lecisz
lataç
latam, latasz
sail, swim
p∏ynàç
p∏yn´, p∏yniesz
p∏ywaç
p∏ywam, p∏ywasz
See:
Gdzie teraz idziesz?
Where are you going now?
Czy cz´sto chodzisz do kina?
Do you go to the movies often?
Jad´ do Warszawy pociàgiem.
I'm going to Wasaw by train.
Zwykle je˝d˝´ do Warszawy pociàgiem.
I usually travel to
Warsaw by train.
Przepraszm, ale musz´ lecieç.
Excuse me, but I have to run.
Nie lubi´ lataç.
I don't like to fly.
When prefixed, motion verbs lose the on-going vs. frequentative
distinction. Here are the most important prefixed forms of iÊç and jechaç:
POLISH GRAMMAR IN A NUTSHELL
579
Perfective
Imperfective
arrive, come on foot
przyjÊç
przychodziç
leave on foot
wyjÊç
wychodziç
approach, come up to
odejÊç
odchodziç
approach, come up to
podejÊç
podchodziç
Perfective
Imperfective
arrive by vehicle
przyjechaç
przyje˝daç
-am -asz
leave by vehicle
wyjechaç
wyje˝daç
-am -asz
depart by vehicle
odjechaç
odje˝daç
-am -asz
approach, come up to
podjechaç
podje˝daç
-am -asz
CONDITIONAL MOOD
The conditional mood is used to express the conditional sense which in
English is expressed with "would, could, should, might". It is also used to
refer to contrary-to-fact situations, and is required after indirect commands
and requests. The conditional is formed by using the 3rd-person past-tense
forms of the verb in conjunction with the conditional particle by, which is
either attached to the verb or, preferably, to some item occurring earlier in
the sentence. Personal endings are attached to the particle by. Here are the
conditional forms of pomóc pomog´, pomo˝esz help (pf.):
Singular
masc.
fem.
1.p. pomóg∏bym
pomog∏abym
I would help
2.p. pomóg∏byÊ
pomog∏abyÊ
you-sg. would help
3.p. pomóg∏by
pomog∏aby
he/she would help
Plural
masc. pers. pl.
other pl.
1.p. pomoglibyÊmy
pomog∏ybyÊmy
we would help
2.p. pomoglibyÊcie
pomog∏ybyÊcie
you-pl. would help
3.p. pomogliby
pomog∏yby
they would help
When by is attached to another word, it is usually to a subordinating
conjunction such as ˝e that or gdy if:
Singular
masc.
fem.
1.p. gdybym pomóg∏
gdybym pomog∏a
if I would help
2.p. gdybyÊ pomóg∏
gdybyÊ pomog∏a
if you -sg. would help
3.p. gdyby pomóg∏
gdyby pomog∏a
if he/she would help
POLISH GRAMMAR IN A NUTSHELL
580
Plural
masc. pers. pl.
other pl.
1.p. gdybyÊmy pomogli
gdybyÊmy pomog∏y
if we would help
2.p. gdybyÊcie pomogli
gdybyÊcie pomog∏y
if you-pl. would
help
3.p. gdyby pomogli
gdyby pomog∏y
if they would help
The conditional is primarily used:
a) In contrary to fact clauses:
Pomóg∏abym ci, gdybym nie by∏a tak zaj´ta.
I would help you if I were
not so busy.
b) After verbs of request, command, desire, when the subject of the
incorporated clause is different from the person doing the requesting,
commanding, desiring:
Prosz´ ci´, ˝ebyÊcie nie robili takiego ha∏asu.
I'm asking that you not make
such a racket.
c) To discuss hypothetical possibilities:
Czy móg∏byÊ mi pomóc?
Could you help me?
d) To discuss vague wonderings:
Nie sàdz´, ˝eby on by∏ teraz w domu.
I don't think he would be at home
now.
PARTICIPLES, GERUNDS, VERBAL NOUNS
Polish has a well developed system of verbal adjectives (participles),
verbal adverbs (gerunds), and verbal nouns, in both Perfective and
Imperfective aspects. The verb of illustration in the chart below is czytaç -am
-asz (impf.), przeczytaç (pf.) read.
imperfective
perfective
gerund
czytajàc
przeczytawszy
active participle
czytajàcy
passive participle
czytany
przeczytany
verbal noun
czytanie
przeczytanie
1. A GERUND is a verb form without personal endings, the person of the
verb being inferred from context. The IMPERFECTIVE GERUND can often
be translated as 'while doing something'; thus czytajàc means 'while
reading'. The PERFECTIVE GERUND usually means 'after having done
something'; thus przeczytawszy means 'after having read'. Gerunds are
POLISH GRAMMAR IN A NUTSHELL
581
used to incorporate one sentence into another when the subject of both
sentences is the same: Czytajàc gazet´, pali∏ fajk´ While reading the paper,
he smoked a pipe. Zjad∏szy kolacj´, on wsta∏ i wyszed∏ Having finished
supper, he stood up and left. Gerunds do not take any endings.
The I
MPERFECTIVE
G
ERUND
may be formed by adding –c to the
3.pers.pl. of an Imperfective verb: czytajà, hence czytajàc (while) reading; idà,
hence idàc (while going).
The P
ERFECTIVE
G
ERUND
may be formed from the 3.pers.sg.masc. past
tense of a Perfective verb. After vowel+∏, replace ∏ with –wszy: przeczyta∏,
hence przeczytawszy having read; zrobi∏, hence zrobiwszy having done. After
consonant+∏, add –szy: wyszed∏, hence wyszed∏szy having left, wyniós∏,
hence wyniós∏szy having carried out. The Perfective Gerund is going out of
use. It is hardly ever used in speech.
2. A PARTICIPLE is an adjective derived from a verb, which still retains
many of the the properties of the verb, for example, the ability to take a
complement. The imperfective active participle is often translated as a
relative clause: “who is doing”, and it is often separated from the noun it
modifies by its complement: Czytajàcy gazet´ cz∏owiek nic nie zauwa˝y∏.
The man reading the paper noticed nothing. Participles take a full set of gender-
number-case endings.
The I
MPERFECTIVE
A
CTIVE
P
ARTICIPLE
may be formed by adding
adjective endings to the Imperfective gerund: czytajàç, hence czytajàcy –a –e
(who is) reading; idàc, hence idàcy –a –e (who is) going.
3. PASSIVE PARTICIPLES describe objects on which an action has been
carried out. The imperfective passive participle czytany means 'being read'.
The perfective passive participle przeczytany means 'having been read'. The
latter is the more frequently used, often in construction with the verb zostaç:
Ta ksià˝ka zosta∏a ju˝ przeczytana.
That book has already been read.
The Passive Participle is formed on the basis of the infinitive.
a.Verbs with infinitives in -aç and –eç form the Passive Participle in
–any
(-a –e): napisaç, hence napisany –a –e written; widzieç, hence widziany
-a –e seen.
b. Verbs with infinitives in –iç and -yç form the Passive Participle in
–ony -a –e
, mppl -eni added to a stem like that of the 1.pers.sg. present:
zawstydziç
, hence zawstydzony –a -e, mppl zawstydzeni embarrassed.
Monosyllabic verbs in -iç and -yç like piç, myç, and their derivatives like
wypiç
and umyç, do not follow this rule; see below, d.
POLISH GRAMMAR IN A NUTSHELL
582
c. Verbs with infinitives in -Êç, -êç, -c form the Passive Participle in –ony
-a –e
--eni, added to a stem like that of the 2.pers.sg. present: wynieÊç, hence
wyniesiony –a -e
, mppl wyniesieni carried out; przegryêç, hence
przegryziony –a -e
, mppl przegryzieni bitten through; upiec bake hence
upieczony –a -e
, mppl upieczeni baked. Irregular: znaleêç znajd´, znajdziesz,
znaleziony -a -e
, mppl znalezieni found.
d. Verbs with infinitives in other vowels plus ç, and monosyllabic verbs
in -iç and -yç drop ç and add –ty (-ta –te): zepsuç, hence zepsuty –a -e
spoiled; u˝yç, hence u˝yty –a -e used. Verbs in –nàç form the Passive
Participle in –ni´ty (-a –e): zamknàç, hence zamkni´ty –a –e locked, shut,
closed. Other verbs in -àç form the Passive participle in -´ty: zaczàç, hence
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