По дисциплине пропедевтический курс русского языка

GLOSSARY
A number of vowels-the basis for the classification of vowel sounds in the process of displacement of the tongue in the front or back of the oral cavity: the front row [and,e], middle row [and,a], back row [o,y].
A phrase is a syntactic construction consisting of two or more significant words connected by a subordinate connection: a new house, to read a book.
A productive affix is an affix that is widely used to form new words or new forms of words: suf. - nick with the meaning "room for someone": barn, poultry house, pigsty.
A seed is a unit of the content plan, the content of the lexeme, opposes the lexeme; a set of seven forms the meaning of the word.
A sentence is a syntactic construction representing a grammatically organized connection of words (or a word) with semantic and intonational completeness.
A syllable is the boundary of a syllable indicating the end of one and the beginning of the other: Yes.
A synthetic form of the word - the word of the Foundation and the formative affix: nes-Ty, nes-usch-iy.
A verb is a significant part of speech that combines words denoting an action or a state.
Abbreviation is a complex word composed of the initial elements: Department store, University, UN.
Accommodation is a partial adaptation of articulations of adjacent consonant and vowel sounds: nes [n'os], series [R'at], what [w"t], was [wəz].
Active vocabulary - part of the vocabulary of the language, actively use in all spheres of society.
Addition-the formation of a new word by combining into one verbal whole two or more bases: forest-o-steppe, heat-o-move.
Adjunction - a kind of subordinate syntactic connection, in which the dependent word, without having the forms of inflection, adjacent to the main: to rise up, go down.
Affixation-1. the creation of a new word by joining the producing basis (or word) of certain affixes; 2. the way of expressing grammatical meanings by using affixes.
Affixes are service morphemes that modify the meaning of the root or Express the relationship between words in a phrase and a sentence.
Affixing languages are languages in which affixes play an important role in the grammatical structure.
Affixoid - morpheme, used in the functions of suffixes and occupying their position in the word: spherical, glassy, snake-like.
Affixoid-affixes, occupying an intermediate position between the root and service morphemes, by origin go to independent roots and words: linguistics, literary studies, geography, airlines, airmail.
Affricates - (lat. Affricata "proterty") sounds where the bow is revealed gradually, after the bond should slit phase [h], [I].
Agglutination-mechanical joining of standard unambiguous affixes to immutable bases or roots: Bola – Bolalar – bolalarga; ID(ti) – go – go.
Allometry – identical-by-value variant of the morpheme, this particular manifestation of phonemes: friend – boy – friends - English. [- z], [- s], [–iz] - as indicators of plural nouns.
Alphabetic letters-trophic system in which a single character transmits a single sound.
Alternation of sounds (or alternation) is a replacement of sounds within the same morpheme in different words or word forms: frost - frosty [s/W], hand - handle [K/h].
Amorphous languages are isolating languages, which are characterized by the absence of forms of inflection and formation, root languages; these include the languages of the Chinese-Tibetan family: Gao Shan – "high mountains", Shan Gao "high mountains", Hao Ren – "good man", Ren Hao – "man loves me", this Hao – "do good", Hao dagvih – "very expensive".
An adjective is a part of speech that combines words with the meaning of a sign (property) of an object. "Without a noun there is no adjective" (L. V. Scherba). New moon.
An adverb is a lexical-grammatical class of invariant words denoting a sign, action or object: a very good person, run fast, soft-boiled eggs.
An affirmative sentence is one in which the content of a sentence is affirmed as being real in the nature of the attitude expressed to reality.
Analogy is the process of likening one element of a language to another, related to it, but more common and productive.
And
Antonyms-words belonging to the same part of speech, having opposite, but correlative with each other meanings: young – old, day – night.
Archaisms and obsolete name of the existing realities; an obsolete word, replaced in the modern language synonyms: he devours the – "hunting", the womb – "breast," neck "neck."
Argo (Franz. Argot. "jargon") - a secret language of a socially limited group of people who oppose themselves to other people: thieves ' Argo, student's Argo, school Argo.
Assimilation – the assimilation of sounds to each other within a word or phrase: bone – bone [bone], book – book [klasky], highest [Vichy], deception [man].
Associated stress is a fixed stress tied to a certain syllable in a word (in French - on the last, in Polish - on the penultimate, in Czech - on the first).
Book vocabulary-words, stylistically limited, belonging to book styles of speech.
Circumstance - a secondary member of the proposal, distributing and explaining the members of the proposal with the meaning of the action or feature, or the proposal as a whole, and denoting where, when, under what circumstances the action is performed, indicating the condition, the reason, the purpose of its implementation, as well as the measure, the degree and method of its manifestation: sit up late.
Classification of languages - the distribution of languages into groups based on certain features in accordance with the principles underlying the study: genealogical (genetic), typological (morphological), geographical (areal).
Classification of morphemes-the allocation of their words in the place, function, degree of reproducibility.
Closed syllable-a syllable ending with a non-syllable sound: cliff, wolf.
Colloquial vocabulary is part of the popular vocabulary, the different specific expressive and stylistic colouring: to seize, Forsyth, git etc.
Colloquial-everyday vocabulary-words used in casual speech, in the styles of fiction and journalism to achieve artistic expression: nonsense, hard worker, reader, lanky, nimble, get out, chatter, yeah, BAM, and so on
Colloquial-literary vocabulary - words that do not violate the norms of literary usage: window, piece of land, good for you, poor man, a talker, which from a neutral vocabulary differ in their specific expressive and stylistic coloring: neutral true, the colloquial-literary nonsense, lies, nonsense, etc.
Combatant units of language-phoneme, morpheme; they serve as a means of construction and registration of nominative, and through them and communicative units.
Combinatorial changes of sounds, phonetic processes, due to the interaction of sounds in connected speech: assimilation, dissimilation, accommodation, haplology, diurese, prosthesis, pentasa, metathesis.
Combinatorial regressive change of the phonetic processes that lead back to the beginning words of the next to the previous: stitch [sit'], [¤'s e'].
Communicative units of language-the sentences informing about something, expressing and making out thoughts, feelings, will, carrying out communication of people.
Complete sentences-sentences having all structurally necessary members (subject and predicate): river rifts have become Blurred.
Complex sentence-combining two or more simple sentences based on grammatical connection according to certain grammatical rules.
Consonants-sounds, in the formation of which the exhaled air meets on its way an obstacle in the oral cavity.
Contact changes of sounds-interaction of neighboring sounds: fairy tale - [SK].
Conversion-morphological and syntactic method of word formation by moving from one part of speech to another: substance, adjectivation, adverbialization, pronominalization.
Coordination - a kind of subordinate relationship in which the dependent word is likened to the main thing in their common grammatical forms: a new dress, a new house.
Correlation - the matching of phonemes by place and method of education and contrasting them one by one DP (voiced or voiceless-voicing, hardness-softness): < b >, < p >, < t >, < d >, < b >, < b >, < d >, < d >.
Criteria for distinguishing homonymy and polysemy - 1. polysemy is common to this, ambiguity is not; 2. homonymy is characterized by divergence of word-formation series; 3. ambiguity inherent in different allocation; 4. homonymy is characterized by the absence of synonymous relations.
Cyrillic-Slavic alphabet, created by Slavic primary teachers Cyril (Constantine) and his brother Methodius.
Deethymologization - the process of losing the inner form, when the previously motivated word becomes unmotivated: the story < tell, banner < know, blue < dove, paint < beauty.
Definition-a secondary member of the proposal, spreading and explaining any member of the proposal with a subject value and denoting a sign, quality or property of the subject: earth strap, shirt.
Delimitation a function of phoneme - (lat. limities "boundary, trait") the function of denoting the boundary between two consecutive units (morphemes, words).
Denotate is an object or phenomenon of non - linguistic reality, which should be called by any word.
Denotative meaning of the word - the ratio of a phonetic word to a specific designated object, the object of speech.
Diachrony - language dynamics, language development in time, language learning in the process of development.
Dialect - the words that make up the identity of the dialects of a language.
Dialect is a set of dialects United by intrastructural linguistic unity.
Dialect-a set of idiolects characteristic of a geographically limited group of people.
Disrase - dropping the unpronounceable sound of words: heart [s ERTS], reed [trcn IR].
Dissimilation - articulation raspadenie sounds: prolube < the hole, February < Febrary.
Distant changes in sounds - changes in sounds that are at some distance from each other.
Emafini - words coinciding in their sound but with different spelling: the fruit - plot, code - cat.
Emphasis - selection of the syllable of the power to vote, longitude sound pitch.
Enantio-semia-a kind of antonymy, the phenomenon of polarization of the meanings of the same word: to borrow "to borrow" - to borrow "to lend", to view "to get acquainted with something" and to view, "not to notice, to miss something".
Enclitic - unstressed words attached to the rear shock: I would go what.
Epenesa insert additional sound in the middle of a word: ndraw < character, island, lit. srava, love, love catch - catch - the "E - epenthetic".
Ergotizma – word, limited in its use socially, are emotionally expressive equivalents of stylistically neutral words literary language: creatica – "do not pass the examination" tail "unwritten exam" memorize "to learn".
Esperanto is an artificial international language built on the basis of international vocabulary with the most simplified and strictly normalized vocabulary.
Ethnolinguistics-the study of language in its relation to the culture of the people, the study of the interaction of linguistic, ethno-cultural and ethno-psychological factors in the functioning and evolution of language.
Etymology-the science that studies the origin of words, reconstructing the vocabulary of the ancient period.
Etymon-the root of the word, the original meaning and form of the word.
Excerpt - finding the organs of speech at the time of sound production, articulation phase after the tour, but prior to recursion.
Excursion-the transition of the organs of speech to the state necessary for the production of sound.
Explosive consonants-sounds in which the bow formed by the lips, tongue and sky, tongue and teeth, opens instantly: [p], [b], [t], [d], [K], [g].
F
Family of languages-a set of related languages that originated from one ancestor-the proto-language: Indo-European, Turkic, etc.
Features of the word-uniformity or integrity, separability, free reproducibility in speech, semantic valence, non-duality.
Fixed stress is a constant stress, tied to the same morpheme of different word forms: a book, a book, a book.
Flexion-morpheme, standing at the end of the word and serving to link words in a phrase or sentence: house - a, house - u.
Folk etymology is an arbitrary interpretation of the etymon of the word due to sound coincidences, false associations: gulvar VM. Boulevard, tinyscope WM. microscope.
Formative affix-affixes that serve for the formation of different forms of the same word, without changing its meaning, expressing only the grammatical meaning: table, table-a, table-y, etc.
Formative basis-a constant part of the word present in all word forms and consisting of the same morphemes: books-a, books-and, books-u, under - glass - nick-, ice drift, steamship.
Formative-formative affix of the word part to be changed: book, books, book, etc.
Free stress-non-fixed stress, which can fall on any syllable of the word: milk, crow, crow, vegetables.
Front-language consonants-sounds, the formation of which works the front and the tip of the tongue: [t], [d], [l], [p], etc.
Full homonyms-the coincidence of the members of the homonymic series in all grammatical forms: beam "crossbar" and beam "ravine".
Full synonyms (or absolute) - synonyms that fully coincide in their meanings and use or differ in minor shades: linguistics - linguistics, cold - frost, headless - brainless.
Functions of intonation - making statements in a single unit, a distinction for the purpose of communication, transfer of syntactic relations between clauses and sentences, the expression of emotional colouring; the opening of the subtext of the statements, the characteristics of the speaker and the situation of communication in General.
Functions of stress-phonetic Association of the word, ensuring the integrity and separation of the word by highlighting its intonation center, meaning function (lock - lock, flour - flour), word - function, formorazgranichitelnaya function (feet - feet, country-country).
Fusion is a close morphological connection of a mutable root with multivalued nonstandard affixes, leading to the blurring of boundaries between morphemes:
Genealogical classification of languages - classification of languages on the basis of linguistic affinity: Indo-European, Turkic, Semitic and other languages.
General linguistics-study of the General laws of organization, development and functioning of languages.
General subject relatedness - the relatedness of concepts of the word to the whole class of denotata, have common characteristics: the table refers to any table, regardless of the number of legs, material, purpose.
Geographical classification - the definition of the area of language (or dialect), taking into account the boundaries of its linguistic features.
Gramma is a unit of grammatical meaning.
Grammar box - the Union of words based on common grammatical meaning: a time field, the field of modality in the field of zalohovaci.
Grammatical category-a set of homogeneous grammatical forms opposed to each other: the category of the form - the opposition (opposition) of the imperfect type to the perfect; the category of the number - the opposition of the singular and plural.
Grammatical form is a material form of expression of grammatical meaning.
Grammatical meaning is an abstract linguistic content of a grammatical unit, which has a regular expression in the language; "an abstraction of features and relations".
Haplology-simplification of the syllabic structure of the word due to the loss of one of the two identical syllables, directly following each other: the commander of the VM. warlord, standard bearer of the VM. znamenosets, Mineralogy WM. Mineralogy.
Hard consonants are sounds pronounced without palatalization by raising the back of the tongue to the soft palate, i.e. velarization.
Historicisms-obsolete words that are out of use in connection with the disappearance of objects or phenomena of objective reality: the boyar, Stolnik, Altyn.
Homoforms-partial homonyms, coinciding only in a number of grammatical forms: fist "compressed hand" and fist "rich peasant", there is no coincidence in the form of wines. p. u. and mn. numbers.
Homographs are words that coincide in their writing, but have a different sound and meaning: road - road, already - already, flour - flour, castle - castle.
Homonymy - coincidence of sound variety on the value of the units, the key "spring" and the key "tool" marriage "flaw" and marriage is "marriage".
Inflectional languages are languages that are characterized by polysemy of endings: in the Russian language, flexion-and can convey the meaning of number, gender, case.
Inflectional morphological category is a category whose members are represented in one paradigm: case category, person category, etc.
Inflection-inflectional affixation by means of flexion.
Interfiks is a utility morpheme, standing between the bases of a compound word or between a root and a suffix, serving to connect them together: home-about-order.
Internal flexion-a way of expressing grammatical meanings, which consists in the sound change of the root: English. foot-foot, feet "feet", lock – lock, die – die.
Intonation - the set ritmologiya components of speech, serving as a syntactic means of expressing values and emotionally expressive colouring of the utterance.
Kinship of languages - the material proximity of two or more languages, manifested in the sound similarity of language units at different levels: BLG. liar, pls. wrona, Rus. crow.
Koine is a language that serves as a means of inter-dialect communication, which arose on the basis of one common dialect: ancient Greek Koine (attic dialect), old Russian Koine (dialect of glades).
L
Labelitemii vowels are rounded, the formation of which the lips are closer together, reducing the output opening and extending to the oral cavity.
Language and society - the problem of sociolinguistics on the interaction and interaction of social relations and language.
Language and speech - the problem of the ratio of General and particular, abstract and material, social and individual.
Language and thinking are dialectical unity, thinking is ideal, and language is material; language is a means of expressing thought, on the one hand, language is a tool of forming thought, on the other.
Language as a system is an internal organization of a set of elements that are in relationships and relationships with each other: basic (basic) concepts - a set, an element, a function.
Language levels-tiers of the General language system, each of which has its own set of units and rules of their functioning: phonetic, morphological, lexical, syntactic.
Language system-internally organized set of language units that are in a relationship with each other ("set" + "units" + "functions").
Lateral consonants - (lateral) sounds formed by the passage of air on the sides of the tongue tip bows with teeth or alveoli, as well as the middle part of the tongue with a hard sky: [l], [l’].
Laws of language development-the internal laws of language development: the law of open syllable, the law of saving speech effort (blueberry < black berry), the law of stunning final voiced consonants, the law of outgoing sonority.
Lexical-grammatical category-the Union of words that have a common semantic feature. For example, the commonality of collective, abstract, real nouns, acting only in the form of a singular.
Lexical-semantic group - a set of words of one part of speech with intra-language connections on the basis of interdependent and interrelated elements of meaning relating to one part of speech LSG words with the meaning of time or space.
Lexical-semantic system - a set of linguistic elements that are in relationships and relationships with each other, which forms a certain integrity, unity.
Lexicology is a branch of language science that studies the word and the vocabulary of the language as a whole.
Lexico-syntactic way of word-building - creating new words coalescence in single unit the combination of the words: the hour is > immediately, this day > today.
Lingual consonants-consonants, in the formation of which the active body is the language (front-language, middle-language, rear-language).
Linkos (Literary language is the highest dialect form of the language, normalized and having a wide range of functional styles.
M
Management - a kind of subordinate relationship, when the main word requires a dependent word of a case with a pretext or without a pretext: to be proud of his father, buy a book, outdoor recreation, etc.
Members of the sentence-structural and semantic components of the sentence, which differ in their function and are distinguished by a whole set of formal and semantic features.
Metaphor is a figurative meaning based on similarity on various characteristics: color, shape, quality: silver frost, Golden man, wave crest.
Metonymy is a figurative value based on spatial or temporal adjacency: "not on silver - on gold edal". A. S. Griboyedov. "Read willingly Apuleius, and Cicero did not read". Pushkin.
Mobile stress-stress, which is able to move in different word forms of the same word, it is not tied to one morpheme: water, water, etc.
Morpheme-operation-1. suprasegmental morpheme: stress: pour-pour, feet-feet; 2. meaningful alternation of tattered rags, bare - necessity; 3.suppletivism: the formation of grammatical forms from different bases: child-children, take-take, man-people.
Morpheme-the minimum significant part of the word, which is not divided into smaller units of the same level: green - ovat - th, yellow - ovat - th.
Morph-limit unit, allocated at the morphemic level, but does not have the property of regular reproducibility: currant -, Mal -, English. huckle -, highlighted in the words of currant, raspberry, huckleberry.
Morphological grammatical categories-expressions of grammatical meanings by lexical-grammatical classes-significant parts of speech: GK type, pledge, time, mood (verb), GK kind, number, case (name).
Morphological method of word formation-the creation of new words by combining morphemes according to the rules existing in the language: young-awn, son-approx.
Morphology - a branch of linguistics that studies the grammatical properties of words, their inflection (the paradigm of words), as well as ways of expressing abstract grammatical meanings, develops the doctrine of parts of speech.
Morphology is a branch of linguistics that studies phoneme as an element of morpheme construction, phonology and morphology connections.
Moscow phonological school-defines the phoneme based on the morpheme; phoneme-the marching component of the morpheme, the morpheme identity determines the boundaries and volume of the phoneme: forest and Fox, catfish and itself, where unstressed vowels, despite the identity of their sound, represent different phonemes.
Nasal consonants-sounds in the formation of which the soft palate is lowered and opens the passage of air into the nasal cavity: [m], [m'], [n], [n'].
Nasal vowels-sounds in the formation of which the soft palate is lowered, the air passes into the nasal cavity: nasal vowels in Polish, Portuguese, French.
National vocabulary-words known and used by all native speakers, regardless of their place of residence, profession, lifestyle.
Negative offers-offers in which the contents of the offer is approved as unreal.
Neologisms - new words denoting a new reality (subject or concept), which appeared in the language recently, preserving a touch of freshness and singularity, included in the passive vocabulary: sponsor, video clip, Fax, voucher, computer, display.
Neutral vocabulary-words emotionally neutral, expressively unpainted: water, earth, summer, wind, storm, distant, play, run.
Newton
Noisy consonants-sounds that are formed either by noise or voice and noise: [b], [n], [d], [t], [x], [W].
Nominative units - units of language (words, phrases), used to refer to objects, concepts, representations.
Non-labialized vowels are non-labelled vowels formed without the participation of the lips: [and], [e], [a], [s].
Non-positional alternation-alternation, not due to the phonetic position of the sound in the word (historical alternation): leads - driving [d'/TD'], face - face - face.
Numerals-lexico-grammatical class of words denoting the number, number, measure: five, twice, a lot.
Obsolete words are the words of the passive reserve of language, which are out of use: archaisms and historicisms.
Occasionalisms - words created by the authors in certain stylistic purposes, outside the context of losing their expressiveness and incomprehensible to the native speaker: kuhelbeker, Goncharova, handlev (Pushkin); Hulk, megapode, answer, sickle (Mayakovsky).
Occlusive consonants-sounds in the formation of which the lips, palate, tongue and teeth are tightly closed and sharply open under the pressure of the air jet: [b], [d], [g], [h], [C], etc.
One-component sentences are one - component sentences with gradation depending on the belonging of the main sentence member to one or another part of speech: verbal (impersonal, infinitive, definite - personal, indefinite - personal, generalized - personal) and subjective (nominative).
Open syllable-syllables ending with syllable sound: mA-mA, mo-lo-Ko.
Options-1. phonemes in weak position, positions of non-distinction: Val-vol, but [VLY]. 2. word forms that differ in external form, but have the same grammatical meaning: water - water.
Paradigm-1. the set of grammatical forms of the word: home-them.p., house R. p., house. p. 2.a set of invariants and variants of language units in paradigmatic relations.
Paronyms-consonant single-rooted words belonging to one part of speech, having structural similarity, but differing in their meaning: to present - to provide, adviser - adviser, to put on (hat) - to dress (child).
Part of speech-the main lexical and grammatical classes, which are distributed language words.
Partial homonyms-homophones in grammatical forms: onion " vegetable "and onion" weapon " coincide only in singular forms, words that coincide in sound, but have different spelling: fruit - raft, cat - code.
Passive vocabulary - words that come in or out of use, but mostly comprehensible to a native speaker, archaisms and historicism: the yard, to broadcast, to kiss, to speak, Lord steward, Altin and others.
Pedigree tree-the principles of genealogical classification of languages, according to which each common language (proto-language) was divided into two or more languages, of which there were new languages. So, the proto-Slavic language gave three branches: prosopagnosia, prognozuvannya, prevoshodno-Slavic.
Phoneme-a unit of the sound system of the language, represented by a number of positionally alternating sounds, serving to identify and distinguish significant units of language (words, morphemes): mil - mil - mol - Mel - Mal.
Phonemic transcription - transcription is used to transfer the phonemic structure of words or morphemes: the year of < year >, window < window >.
Phonetic Syntagma - cut speech circuit, the combined prosodic - semantic unity of its constituent significant words forming one recomedations group: Tomorrow evening, our group writes the essay.
Phonetic transcription - a transcription that is used for the transmission of speech, in full accordance with the sound, fixing the real sound structure of words: dark [t mnta], milk [Mylo].
Phonetic word-a segment of the speech chain, United by one accent: window [kno], son Li [son l'i], on the mountain [n mountain].
Phonetics - a branch of linguistics that studies the sound units of language, their acoustic and articulatory properties, the laws of functioning of speech sounds, the distribution of stress in words, the alternation of vowels and consonants.
Phonological system of a language is an internally organized set of phonemes connected by certain relations.
Phonology is a branch of linguistics that studies the sound side of language from functional and systemic points of view.
Phrasal stress-intensive allocation of the shock syllable of the last word in the final Syntagma or in the most important in the sense of Syntagma: Last night, /when the clock struck ten, /the brother arrived.
Phraseological combinations are phraseological expressions, the General meaning of which depends entirely on the meaning of the constituent words: one of the components is constant, the other is variable, free: a bosom friend, but an old (new) friend; takes annoyance (anger, hunting, laughter), etc.
Phraseological expressions (or phrases) - phraseological phrases consisting of words with free meaning, having a constant composition of components and a certain value, they include Proverbs, sayings: wolves are afraid - not to go to the forest.
Phraseological units are phraseological units, the General meaning of which is metaphorically motivated by the meanings of the words that make up this turnover: to bury talent in the ground, to let dust in the eyes, to fly into the pipe. "Have the property of potential imagery" (V. V. Vinogradov).
Phraseologically related meaning - the meaning of the word, predetermined by the context; words that can be combined only with certain words: hopeless melancholy (sadness, grief), to start a quarrel, the culprit of the fire.
Phraseology is the science of phraseological composition of language, nature of phraseological units, their types, peculiarities of functioning in speech.
Phraseology-lexically indivisible, reproducible unit of language, stable in its composition: to beat the buckles, bosom friend.
Polysemy or polysemy of the word-the presence of one and the same word several related meanings: Board "building material", Board "equipment class", etc.
Polysynthetic languages - languages in which one word different affixes can convey the whole complex of grammatical meanings: the Chukchi strangles - Cupra - Geun - RIT - cheese - Kyn, "network sohranyaet".
Position - a condition for the implementation of the phoneme in speech, its position in the word in relation to the stress, another phoneme, the structure of the word as a whole: a strong position when the phoneme detects its differential features. For vowels is the position of the accent: arch, arm, consonants before all vowels: Tom - house, before songname: splash - glitter, etc.
Positional alternation of sounds-alternation, due to the phonetic position, acting in the language of phonetic laws: water-water alternation [o/], oak - oak - [b / n].
Positional changes of sounds - changes the sounds, due to their position in the word, which leads to a reduction: the cow [cu"V], of the gardens, but the garden - [sat].
Posterior consonants-sounds formed by the convergence of the back of the tongue with the soft sky: [K], [g], [x].
Postfix is a morpheme standing behind a flexion, serving to form new words (someone, something) or new word forms (come, go).
Predicate - the main member of the sentence expressing the predicative sign of the subject.
Prefixoid-affixoid used in the function of prefixes and takes its place in the word: airlines, introspection.
Private linguistics-the study of a particular language (Russian, Uzbek, English, etc.) or a group of related languages (Slavic, Germanic, Turkic).
Private subject relevance-the relevance of the concept of the word to a specific subject, feature, property, action: a dog, a lame man.
Proclitic is unstressed function words adjacent to the shock front: for, in the mountains.
Professionalisms - words that make up the identity of the question to one or another professional group: the galley, cook, bottle - in the speech of sailors; the header, footer, strip - in the speech of journalists.
Progressive combinatorial changes in sounds-occur in the direction from the previous to the subsequent under the influence of articulation of the previous sound on the pronunciation of the subsequent: Rus. dialdehyde. Roly, Roly, English. dog > dogs [d " gz].
Pronoun - part of speech, indicating the subject, sign, number, but not calling them; substitutive words, forming a parallel system.
Prosthesis the appearance of an extra sound in the absolute beginning of a word, substitution: eight < osimi, sharp > sharp.
Qualitative reduction - the weakened pronunciation of the sound in a weak position in connection with the reduction of its duration: the locomotive [Pyros].
Quantitative reduction-reduction of the sound duration depending on its position in relation to the stress. Hand-hand-MITT [hands], [hand], [MITT].
Recursion is the phase of articulation of sounds, when the organs of pronunciation relax and move to the neutral position or to the articulation of the next sound.
Reduction-changing the sound characteristics of vowels or consonants in a weak position: frost [MROs], convoy [BOS].
Reduplication - a way of expressing grammatical meanings as a result of doubling or repeating the root or word: Rus. white-white, barely speak, arm. gund "regiment", gund-gund" shelves", Indonesia. api "fire", api-api "matches".
SEMA - minimum of unit plan content the basic semantic component. So, the word uncle includes five semes: 1. male; 2. relative; 3. precedence; 4. divergence in one generation; 5. side relationship.
Semantic field - a set of linguistic units, United by a common meaning and representing the subject, conceptual or functional similarity of the designated phenomena; the field of kinship: father, mother, brother, son, daughter, grandfather, grandmother, aunt, uncle, etc.
Semantic neologism-words in which the new concept is transmitted already existing in the language of the words: walrus "winter swimming lover" bomber "effective striker" truck "cargo spacecraft" disk "record".
Semantic synonyms-words that set off different sides of the object or phenomenon: break - destroy - crush.
Semantic trapezoid is a schematic representation of the word components ratio: the top of the trapezoid is the concept and meaning, and the base is the object and the phonetic shell of the word.
Semantic triangle-schematic representation of the components of the word: the phonetic shell of the word, the concept.
Semasiology is the study of the meanings of words and phrases.
Service words-lexically non-independent words that serve to Express different relationships between words, sentences, as well as to convey different shades of subjective evaluation.
Significant words-words with independent lexical meaning, able to function as members of the sentence, structurally designed, having their own accent: the Motherland, the capital, the first, quietly.
Significativa a function of phoneme - similarsocial function: the here.
Simultaneous linguistics-descriptive linguistics, inheriting the language as a system at any point in its history: modern Russian language, modern Uzbek language, etc.
Sitel is a group of sounds that realize this phoneme, a concrete manifestation of a phoneme: she caught a catfish [AGR AGR pally].
Slotted consonants-consonants, the articulation of which language forms an obstacle, leaving a gap for the air outlet: [C, W, W, f, C, x, l].
Social theory of language origin is a theory that connects the emergence of language with the development of society; language is included in the social experience of mankind.
Soft consonants (or palatal) - sounds, in the formation of which there is an additional rise of the middle part of the back of the tongue to the hard sky and the promotion of the entire mass of the language forward: [b'], [C'], [d'], [t'], [l'], [R'], [n'], [m'].
St. Petersburg (Leningrad) phonological school-defines the phoneme based on the phonetic criterion of identity on the physiological and acoustic basis: in the words of grass and domadlya both words in the first pre-stressed syllable stands phoneme < a >, and in the words of the pond and the rod position of the end of the word phoneme < t >.
Striping is the way in which a difference in the quality of alternating consonants leads to an expression of grammatical meaning: ragged (adjective) - ragged (noun), naked (adjective) - Gol (noun).
Strong position - distinguishing phonemes, when she discovers the largest number of distinctive features: nose, but the nasal [Nyssa].
Subject - the main member of the sentence, indicating the logical subject to which the predicate: the Sun disappeared behind the mountain.
Submit - part of the root similar in appearance to the particle, but does not have its value: the dome, the gherkin, the crown.
Substrate-traces of the defeated language of the local population in the language system-the winner of the alien population; in Russian as a substrate of the Finno-Ugric languages.
Suffix-morpheme, standing after the root, serving for the formation of new words (old - old age) or new forms of words (swim - swam).
Superstrat-traces of the defeated language of the alien population in the language-the winner of the local population: French superstrat in English - the jury.
Supplement-a secondary member of the proposal, expressing the object value: read the book, satisfied with the success.
Suppletivism - the formation of grammatical meanings from different foundations: man-people, child-children, go-go, good-better.
Syllable-a segment of speech, limited by sounds with the least sonority, between which there is a syllable sound, the sound with the greatest sonority (R. I. Avanesov).
Syncope-loss of sounds inside the word: wire [Prov], sutoloka [day].
Synecdoche - transfer names on the basis of quantities: the part is the whole and Vice versa: a herd of ten heads.
Synharmonism is a uniform vocal design of the word when the vowel of the root in the formants corresponds to the same vowel sound: balalar, but Wyler in KAZ., odaлaр "rooms", but erver "at home" in Turkish.
Synonymic line - a collection of synonyms at the head of a dominant - stylistically neutral word: lazy, bum, bum.
Synonyms-words that are different in sound, but close in meaning, belonging to one part of speech and having fully or partially the same meaning: fear - horror.
Syntactic level - the section of linguistics, describing the processes of speech generation: ways to connect words into phrases and sentences.
Syntagmatic relations in vocabulary-the linear relationship between the combined words as defined and defining: the Golden ring, the child's pen, etc.
Syntagmatic stress is a stronger selection of the shock syllable of the last word in the Syntagma: the weather is terrible.
Synthetic languages are the languages of the synthetic grammatical system, when lexical and grammatical meanings are combined within a single word: a Desk, a card, a Desk, etc.
The Altaic family is a macro-family of languages, uniting Turkic, Mongolian, Tungus–Manchurian groups of languages and isolated Korean and Japanese languages on the basis of the supposed genetic belonging.
The ambiguity (or polysemy) is that the same words several associated values: field OS: 1. treeless plain; 2. cultivated land for sowing; 3. large area; 4. a clean strip along the edge of the sheet in the book.
The analytical form of the word is a complex form of the word formed by a combination of the official and significant word: stronger, the best.
The basic units of the grammatical structure of the language - a morpheme, word, phrase, sentence.
The basis of the word-part of the word form, which remains, if we take away from her ending and formative affix, and which is associated with the lexical meaning of the word: cows-a, milk-O.
The distinctive function of the phoneme is a distinctive function, due to which the phoneme serves for phonetic identification and semantic identification of words and morphemes: Tom - Dom - som - com.
The epithesis is the appearance of an additional sound at the absolute end of the word: song - song.
The essence of language-spontaneously arising system of articulate sound signs, serving for the purposes of communication and is able to Express the totality of human knowledge and ideas about the world. (I. Kh. Arutyunov)
The evolutionary theory of the origin of language-the origin of language connects with the development of thinking of primitive man. Supporters Of Humboldt, A. Schleicher, W. Wundt.
The form of the word is a morphological variety of the word, which has a grammatical meaning, having a regular expression: Board, wall, dishes, boards, etc.
The function of language is communicative; the function of communication (greeting, farewell, call, communication with the addressee, advertising texts, storage and transmission of cultural traditions, history, national consciousness), cognitive (epistemological, cognitive, expressive) - the function of obtaining new knowledge about reality; the function of communication of language with human mental activity.
The function of the phoneme - distinctivea (similarsocial) function (that is here), delimitative function (slaborazvetvlennyj).
The historical alternation of sounds-alternation, not due to the phonetic position from the point of view of the modern phonetic system of the language: spirit/soul, who/I drive.
The Indo-European family is one of the largest and most studied language families in Eurasia.
The internal form of the word-semantic and structural motivation of the word in another word, on the basis of which it arose: fly agaric, blueberries, boletus, five hundred, Forester, shoemaker.
The language of science-a socio-historical category, which refers to the language, which is a means of written and oral communication of science, is nationwide and is characterized by the presence of a common vocabulary and grammar system.
The language of the nation-a set of territorial dialects as a result of the processes of economic and state integration, the unity of the territory and elements of culture, Coyne, characterized by the presence of a common vocabulary and grammar system.
The law of ascending sonority is the arrangement of sounds in the syllable from the least sonorous to the most sonorous: Yes, do-bro, co-stum.
The lexeme is a unit of the content plan, the sound shell of the word, opposes the sememe-its content.
The logical emphasis is to shift the stress from the last in Syntagma to any other in order to strengthen the semantic load: I will go home today; the weather is beautiful.
The loss of the internal form of the word - the loss of the word motivation in connection with the withdrawal from the use of motivating words (ring - wheel, Kalach - Colo); phonetic changes (spit and scratch); borrowing processes (locksmith < him. Schlosser < Schloss "castle".
The main lexical meaning is the meaning directly related to the reflection of the phenomena of objective reality, it is the primary, stylistically neutral meaning of the word: book, notebook.
The meaning of the word is the product of human mental activity, expressing the relation of the fact of language to the non-linguistic fact, the relation of the word to the designated subject.
The melody of speech - the main component of intonation, is accomplished by raising and lowering the voice in the sentence, organize the sentence by breaking it into the phrase and rhythmic group, connecting its parts.
The metathesis - rearrangement of word sounds or syllables: cheesecake < tvaroska, Rus. marble < lat. marmor.
The motivation of the word-semantic and structural motivation in another word, on the basis of which it arose: fly agaric, blueberries, boletus, twenty.
The norm is a traditional system of rules for the use of language means, which are recognized by the society as mandatory.
The noun is a significant part of speech that combines words with the General meaning of objectivity in its composition: a table, a horse, life, wisdom, etc.
The perceptive function of the phoneme is a function of bringing the sounds of speech to perception, it makes it possible to perceive and recognize by the hearing organ the sounds of speech and their combinations, contributing to the identification of one and those words and morphemes: the pear [Gros't'] and the pear [Gruz'i] identification of the root due to the perceptive function and the community of meaning.
The phonemic opposition - the opposition of phonemes: privatera, gradable, equivalenta, or disjunction - opposed on several grounds: < d > ~ < n > and correlation - the juxtaposition of one characteristic:
~.
The phonetic system of a language is an internally organized collection of phonemes connected by certain relations.
The phrase is a segment of the speech chain between two pauses, possessing intonation and semantic completeness, having a certain intonation structure and characterized by syntactic connectedness: Here you sat down/the horses started/the bell rang.
The prefix is a morpheme standing before the root, is used for the formation of new words (grandfather, great-grandfather) or forms of a word (funny, amusing).
The proto-language is the basis of the historical community of related languages: the proto-Indo-European language, the proto-Slavic language, the Pro-Iranian language, etc.
The rate of speech-the speed of pronunciation of its elements, the speed of its flow, the duration of sound in time.
The rhythm of speech-a regular repetition of percussion and unstressed, long and short words, is the basis of the aesthetic organization of the artistic tenet-poetic and prosaic.
The root is the morpheme of the common part of related words, expressing and predetermining the lexical meaning of the word.
The significative meaning of the word-the attitude of the word to the concept, denoted by the word concept: the concept of the table - "kind of furniture".
The sound of speech - the minimum unit of the speech chain as a result of articulation.
The structure of the language - internal organization of linguistic units, the network of relations between linguistic units.
The theme is the initial part of the message, reality, opposed to rømø (or new).
The theory of social contract of language origin is the unification of different theories of language origin - onomatopoeia, interjection, theories of labor cries.
The valence of a morpheme is the ability of a morpheme to be combined with other morphemes. Multivalent (polyvalent) and univalent (monovalent): the verb, but the groom, the beads, the priest's wife.
The value of the affixes - derivational (slovoobrazovanie) and relational (loveismine): boots > shoemaker > shoemaker - Sapo-nick.
The word form of a double - sided unit represented externally (chain of phonemes, stress) and internal (the meaning of the word).
The word is the main structural and semantic unit of the language, which serves for naming denotates, which has a set of semantic, phonetic and grammatical features specific to each language.
Thematic group - a set of words United on the basis of non-linguistic community denotates designated by them on a certain basis and expressed in different words: a group of cow + bull, calf, cowshed, cowshed, shepherd, beef, etc.
Timbre of speech-the sound color of speech, transmitting its emotional and expressive shades: intonation of distrust, admiration, playfulness, etc.
To
Transcription is a writing system used to accurately convey the sound composition of oral or written speech: phonetic, phonemic, practical.
Transitivity of parts of speech-the transition of words from one part of speech to another due to conversion: dining room, work, students, workers (substance), summer, evening, morning (adverbialization), etc.
Transliteration is a letter-by-letter transmission of a word or text written with the help of one alphabetic system by means of another alphabetic system.
Trembling consonants-vibrants: [p], [p'].
Truncate - abbreviate when a new word is formed by truncating words within the source phrase: grocery store, University, store Manager, etc.
Two-part sentences-a two-part syntactic complex in which two main members (subject and predicate) or a group of subject and a group of predicate are formally expressed.
Types of lexical meaning - there are several types: denotative, significatively, emotive (connotative), structural.
Typological classification of languages is a classification based on the concept of similarity (formal or semantic) and differences between languages: political, isolating, and inflectional types.
U
Variations – shades of phonemes in strong positions in a trench of conditionality: five [n at’], mashing [m'at’].
Voiced consonants-sounds, the articulation of which the vocal cords are tense and in a state of oscillation.
Vowel elevation - the degree of elevation of the tongue, the degree of its vertical displacement: lower elevation, middle elevation, upper elevation [a] - lower. under., [e], [o], - Ms. pod., [and], [s], [y] - upper rise.
Vowels are speech sounds consisting only of the voice: [and], [y], [e], [o], [a].
Weak position - discriminating phonemes, where a smaller differential (distinctive) signs than in strong position: I [AGR], soma [AGR].
With
Word-formative affix-affix, which combines the functions of word formation and formation: Kum-Kuma, spouse.
Word-forming affix-affix, serving for the formation of a new word: old - old age.
Zero morpheme - morpheme, the material is not expressed, but have grammatical meaning: house - house - house - carried - carried - l - a, nes - l - I. is Detected in the paradigms, by contrast, positively pronounced morphemes.