Підручник для студентів старших курсів

VI. One of the most essential and universal categories of any text is its integrity, or unity which finds its expression on two different, though interconnected levels: formal-structural and semantic ones, the former correlated with the grammatical cohesion, the latter – with the lexical cohesion of the text.
It is generally recognized that among various means of text cohesion it is lexical means of cohesion that play the most important role because they, first and foremost, contribute to the logico-semantic integrity of the text.
The structural interrelation between different parts of the text (sentences, paragraphs, supraphrasal unities) is achieved due to various formal markers, referred to as grammatical means of cohesion:

1. 
   various adverbial connectors including conjunctions, conjunctive words, parentheses;
   
2. 
   personal and demonstrative pronouns referring to objects mentioned above;
   
3. 
   various prop-words, which serve as means of secondary nomination of things, persons, facts, phenomena, already mentioned above;
   
4. 
   the Definite Article before the noun already mentioned above;
   
5. 
   the unity of tense-forms in different parts of a text etc.
   

Lexical means of cohesion comprise:

1. 
   the recurrence of key-words which reflect the most important content points of a text;
   
2. 
   the use of words pertaining to certain lexico-semantic groups united by some common notions;
   
3. 
   the use of words and word-combinations making up certain thematic groups on the basis of common underlying notions;
   
4. 
   the use of words logically associated with the key-words;
   
5. 
   the use of synonyms proper and contextual ones;
   
6. 
   the use of antonyms, both antonyms proper and contextual ones;
   
7. 
   the use of words built up by some common word-building elements (derivatives, compounds, conversion pairs etc.).