|
shellfish, the /f/ belongs with the following syllable: /ˈdɒlf.ɪn, ˈself.ɪʃ/
→
[ˈdɒlfɪ ̈n, ˈselfɪ ̈ʃ], but /
ˈʃel.fɪʃ/
→
[ˈʃelˑfɪʃ], where the /l/ is a little longer and the /ɪ/ is not reduced. Similarly, in toe-
strap Wells argues that the second /t/ is a full plosive, as usual in syllable onset, whereas in
toast-rack the second /t/ is in many dialects reduced to the unreleased allophone it takes in
syllable codas, or even elided: /ˈtoʊ.stræp/, /ˈtoʊst.ræk/
→
[ˈtoˑʊstɹæp, ˈtoʊs(t̚)ɹæk]; likewise
nitrate /ˈnaɪ.treɪt/
→
[ˈnaɪtɹ̥eɪt] with a voiceless /r/ (and for some people an affricated tr as in
tree), vs night-rate /ˈnaɪt.reɪt/
→
[ˈnaɪt̚ɹeɪt] with a voiced /r/. Cues of syllable boundaries
include aspiration of syllable onsets and (in the US) flapping of coda /t, d/ (a tease /ə.ˈtiːz/
→
[əˈtʰiːz] vs. at ease /ət.ˈiːz/
→
[əɾˈiːz]), epenthetic stops like [t] in syllable codas (fence /ˈfens/
→
[ˈfents] but inside /ɪn.ˈsaɪd/
→
[ɪnˈsaɪd]), and r-colored vowels when the /r/ is in the coda vs.
labialization when it is in the onset (key-ring /ˈkiː.rɪŋ/
→
[ˈkiːɹʷɪŋ] but fearing /ˈfiːr.ɪŋ/
→
[ˈfɪəɹɪŋ]).
Onset
The following can occur as the
onset
:
All single consonant phonemes except /
ŋ/
Stop plus approximant other than /j/:
/pl/, /bl/, /kl/, /ɡl/, /pr/, /br/, /tr/,
[a]
/dr/,
[a]
/kr/, /ɡr/, /tw/, /dw/, /ɡw/, /kw/,
/pw/
play, blood, clean, glove, prize, bring, tree,
[a]
dream,
[a]
crowd, green, twin, dwarf, Guam, quick,
puissance
Voiceless fricative or /v/ plus
approximant other than /j/:
[b]
/fl/, /sl/, /θl/,
[c]
/ʃl/, /vl/, /fr/, /θr/, /ʃr/,
/hw/,
[d]
/sw/, /θw/, /vw/
floor, sleep, thlipsis,
[c]
schlep, Vladimir, friend,
three, shrimp, what,
[d]
swing, thwart, voilà
Consonant plus /j/ (before /uː/ or its
modified/reduced forms):
[e]
/pj/, /bj/, /tj/,
[e]
/dj/,
[e]
/kj/, /ɡj/, /mj/,
/nj/,
[e]
/fj/, /vj/, /θj/,
[e]
/sj/,
[e]
/zj/,
[e]
/hj/,
/lj/
[e]
pure, beautiful, tube,
[e]
during,
[e]
cute, argue, music,
new,
[e]
few, view, thew,
[e]
suit,
[e]
Zeus,
[e]
huge,
lurid
[e]
/s/ plus voiceless stop:
[f]
/sp/, /st/, /sk/
speak, stop, skill
/s/ plus nasal other than /ŋ/:
[f]
/sm/, /sn/
smile, snow
/s/ plus voiceless non-sibilant
fricative:
[c]
/sf/, /sθ/
sphere, sthenic
/s/ plus voiceless stop plus
approximant:
[f]
/spl/, /skl/,
[c]
/spr/, /str/, /skr/, /skw/,
/smj/, /spj/, /stj/,
[e]
/skj/
split, sclera, spring, street, scream, square, smew,
spew, student,
[e]
skewer
/s/ plus voiceless non-sibilant fricative
plus approximant:
[c]
/sfr/
sphragistics
Notes:
a. For certain speakers, /tr/ and /dr/ tend to affricate, so that tree resembles "chree", and dream
resembles "jream".
[86][87][88]
This is sometimes transcribed as [tʃr] and [dʒr] respectively, but the
pronunciation varies and may, for example, be closer to [tʂ] and [dʐ]
[89]
or with a fricative release
similar in quality to the rhotic, i.e. [tɹ̝̊ɹ̥], [dɹ̝ɹ], or [tʂɻ], [dʐɻ].
b. Some northern and insular Scottish dialects, particularly in
Shetland
, preserve onsets such as /ɡn/
(as in gnaw), /kn/ (as in knock), and /wr/ or /vr/ (as in write).
[90][91]
c. Words beginning in unusual consonant clusters that originated in Latinized Greek loanwords tend to
drop the first phoneme, as in */bd/, */fθ/, */ɡn/, */hr/, */kn/, */ks/, */kt/, */kθ/, */mn/, */pn/, */ps/,
*/pt/, */tm/, and */θm/, which have become /d/ (bdellium), /θ/ (phthisis), /n/ (gnome), /r/ (rhythm),
/n/ (cnidoblast), /z/ (xylophone), /t/ (ctenophore), /θ/ (chthonic), /n/ (mnemonic), /n/ (pneumonia),
/s/ (psychology), /t/ (pterodactyl), /m/ (tmesis), and /m/ (asthma). However, the onsets /sf/, /sfr/,
/skl/, /sθ/, and /θl/ have remained intact.
d. The onset /hw/ is simplified to /w/ in the majority of dialects (
wine–whine merger
).
e. Clusters ending /j/ typically occur before /uː/ and before the CURE vowel (General American /ʊr/, RP /
ʊə/); they may also come before the reduced form /ʊ/ (as in argument) or even /ər/ (in the American
pronunciation of figure). There is an ongoing sound change (
yod-dropping
) by which /j/ as the final
consonant in a
cluster
is being lost. In RP, words with /sj/ and /lj/ can usually be pronounced with or
without this sound, e.g. [suːt] or [sjuːt]. For some speakers of English, including some British speakers,
the sound change is more advanced and so, for example, General American does not contain the
onsets /tj/, /dj/, /nj/, /θj/, /sj/, /stj/, /zj/, or /lj/. Words that would otherwise begin in these onsets
drop the /j/: e.g. tube (/tub/), during (/ˈdʊrɪŋ/), new (/nu/), Thule (/ˈθuli/), suit (/sut/), student (/
ˈstudənt/), Zeus (/zus/), lurid (/ˈlʊrəd/). In some dialects, such
Welsh English
, /j/ may occur in more
combinations; for example in /tʃj/ (chew), /dʒj/ (Jew), /ʃj/ (sure), and /slj/ (slew).
f. Many clusters beginning with /ʃ/ and paralleling native clusters beginning with /s/ are found initially
in German and Yiddish loanwords, such as /ʃl/, /ʃp/, /ʃt/, /ʃm/, /ʃn/, /ʃpr/, /ʃtr/ (in words such as
schlep
, spiel, shtick, schmuck,
schnapps
, Shprintzen's, strudel). /ʃw/ is found initially in the Hebrew
loanword
schwa
. Before /r/ however, the native cluster is /ʃr/. The opposite cluster /sr/ is found in
loanwords such as Sri Lanka, but this can be nativized by changing it to /ʃr/.
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
