development is discourse-based approaches to grammar instruction, which focus on
authentic language uses and structures and their meanings in discourse and text and
are an application of corpus-based research (McCarthy 1991; McCarthy and Carter
1994), so that learners may be confronted with “real” language and not with specially
constructed texts.
In this section I have highlighted only some aspects of the much more complex
theory development in second-language acquisition (SLA) research. Wherever we
look, however, we notice that the rigid separation of grammar and lexis was never
challenged until the CL/ACL paradigm developed. Even if we consider current EFL
textbooks in Germany and presumably elsewhere, we see that they maintain this
distinction.
In the following section, I first point out key tenets of CL that are particularly
useful to language teaching and then discuss these key issues within ACL.
Key Tenets of Cognitive Linguistics
CL arose in the late 1970s/early 1980s, partly out of dissatisfaction with the genera-
tive paradigm. CL regards language not as an autonomous module in our minds but
as closely interacting with other mental faculties such as vision, sensorimotor skills,
memory, and others. Furthermore, CL represents language as inseparably inter-
twined with culture. Some of its major research topics/directions are categorization,
prototypicality, iconicity, and metaphorization, which I discuss in more detail in the
succeeding sections. These topics also are of immediate interest to ACL and its bud-
ding research on foreign language teaching methodology.
What is unique to the CL approach is that these strategies of language usage ap-
ply not only to lexis but also to grammar. They are understood as belonging to the
general mental organization principles, which apply not to language alone but also to
other areas of cognition.
In recent years researchers have attempted to apply insights from CL to language
learning and teaching, thereby creating the area of ACL. ACL-focused publications
are still scarce, but a widespread interest is present and growing (see, for example,
Achard and Niemeier 2004; Pütz, Niemeier, and Dirven 2001a, 2001b).
Applied Cognitive Linguistics
Although ACL is still in its development, researchers are getting more and more in-
terested, especially in analyzing problems occurring in foreign language teaching and
in looking for solutions within the CL paradigm. Like CL, ACL takes a holistic per-
spective, regarding language as part of and interacting with other mental capacities as
well as with everyday knowledge. Within the history of SLA theory, ACL represents
a revolutionary view on language because for the first time it questions Chomsky’s
LAD as the explanation for linguistic universals, on which most postbehaviorist lan-
guage teaching methods seem to rely. Although ACL acknowledges certain language
universals resulting from general human cognitive processes, it also emphasizes
nonuniversal aspects because it regards language as inseparably intertwined with the
surrounding culture.
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