Personality, a characteristic way of thinking, feeling, and behaving. Personality embraces moods, attitudes, and opinions and is most clearly expressed in interactions with other people

Personality

Personality, a characteristic way of thinking, feeling, and behaving. Personality embraces moods, attitudes, and opinions and is most clearly expressed in interactions with other people. It includes behavioral characteristics, both inherent and acquired, that distinguish one person from another and that can be observed in people’s relations to the environment and to the social group.

The term personality has been defined in many ways, but as a psychological concept two main meanings have evolved. The first pertains to the consistent differences that exist between people: in this sense, the study of personality focuses on classifying and explaining relatively stable human psychological characteristics. The second meaning emphasizes those qualities that make all people alike and that distinguish psychological man from other species; it directs the personality theorist to search for those regularities among all people that define the nature of man as well as the factors that influence the course of lives. This duality may help explain the two directions that personality studies have taken: on the one hand, the study of ever more specific qualities in people, and, on the other, the search for the organized totality of psychological functions that emphasizes the interplay between organic and psychological events within people and those social and biological events that surround them. The dual definition of personality is interwoven in most of the topics discussed below. It should be emphasized, however, that no definition of personality has found universal acceptance within the field.

The study of personality can be said to have its origins in the fundamental idea that people are distinguished by their characteristic individual patterns of behaviour—the distinctive ways in which they walk, talk, furnish their living quarters, or express their urges. Whatever the behaviour, personologists—as those who systematically study personality are called—examine how people differ in the ways they express themselves and attempt to determine the causes of these differences. Although other fields of psychology examine many of the same functions and processes, such as attention, thinking, or motivation, the personologist places emphasis on how these different processes fit together and become integrated so as to give each person a distinctive identity, or personality. The systematic psychological study of personality has emerged from a number of different sources, including psychiatric case studies that focused on lives in distress, from philosophy, which explores the nature of man, and from physiology, anthropology, and social psychology.

Shaxs

Shaxs, fikrlash, his qilish va o'zini tutishning o'ziga xos xususiyati. Shaxs kayfiyatni, munosabatni va fikrlarni o'z ichiga oladi va boshqa odamlar bilan o'zaro munosabatlarda eng aniq namoyon bo'ladi. U o'ziga xos va sotib olingan, bir odamni boshqasidan ajratib turadigan va odamlarning atrof-muhit va ijtimoiy guruhga bo'lgan munosabatida kuzatilishi mumkin bo'lgan xulq-atvor xususiyatlarini o'z ichiga oladi.

Shaxsiyat atamasi ko'p jihatdan aniqlangan, ammo psixologik tushuncha sifatida ikkita asosiy ma'no rivojlangan. Birinchisi, odamlar o'rtasida yuzaga keladigan izchil farqlarga taalluqlidir: shu ma'noda shaxsiyatni o'rganish nisbatan barqaror psixologik xususiyatlarni tasniflashga va izohlashga qaratilgan. Ikkinchi ma'no barcha odamlarni birlashtiradigan va psixologik odamni boshqa turlardan ajratib turadigan xususiyatlarni ta'kidlaydi; u shaxsiyat nazariyotchisiga inson tabiatini, shuningdek, hayot tarziga ta'sir etuvchi omillarni belgilovchi barcha odamlar orasida ana shu qonuniyatlarni izlashga yo'naltiradi. Bu ikkitomonlama shaxsiyatni o'rganish olib borgan ikki yo'nalishni tushuntirishga yordam beradi: bir tomondan, odamlarda tobora ko'proq o'ziga xos fazilatlarni o'rganish va boshqa tomondan, organiklar o'rtasidagi o'zaro bog'liqlikni ta'kidlaydigan psixologik funktsiyalarning uyushgan yig'indisini izlash. odamlar ichidagi psixologik hodisalar va ular atrofidagi ijtimoiy va biologik hodisalar.

Shaxsning ikkilik ta'rifi quyida muhokama qilingan ko'plab mavzularda o'zaro bog'liqdir. Shuni ta'kidlash kerakki, shaxsiyatning hech qanday ta'rifi ushbu sohada universal qabul qilinmadi. Shaxsiyatni o'rganish, odamlarning o'ziga xos o'ziga xos xulq-atvori - yurish, gaplashish, yashash joyini berish yoki o'zlarining xohish-irodasini ifodalash usullari bilan ajralib turadi degan asosiy g'oyadan kelib chiqqan deb aytish mumkin. Qanday bo'lishidan qat'i nazar, personologlar (shaxsiyatni muntazam o'rganadiganlar deb ataladi), odamlar o'zlarining fikrlari bilan qanday farq qilishlarini o'rganadilar va bu farqlarning sabablarini aniqlashga harakat qiladilar. Garchi psixologiyaning boshqa sohalari diqqat, fikrlash yoki motivatsiya kabi bir xil funktsiyalar va jarayonlarni o'rgansa-da, personolog har bir kishiga o'ziga xos o'ziga xoslik yoki o'ziga xoslik berish uchun turli xil jarayonlar bir-biriga qanday moslashishi va birlashishiga urg'u beradi. Shaxsni tizimli psixologik o'rganish turli xil manbalarda, shu jumladan azob-uqubatlarga duchor bo'lgan odamlarning hayotiga qaratilgan psixiatrik amaliy tadqiqotlar, insonning tabiatini o'rganuvchi falsafa, fiziologiya, antropologiya va ijtimoiy psixologiyadan paydo bo'ldi.