Pernilla Hallonsten Halling

k´ıdò.

loudly

adv

‘The lion roars loudly.’

(8.7) Kham (Sino-Tibetan) (Watters 2002: 118)¹

koba:h

indiscriminate

pã:-zya
speak-cnt
adv

’He speaks indiscriminately.’


NOISE adverbs no NOISE adverbs
Figure 8.3. Languages with simple adverbs, with and without noise

Turning to care, this type is attested among the simple adverbs of the six languages in table 8.4 and the map in figure 8.4. The same languages also have simple speed adverbs.

Table 8.4. Languages with simple care adverbs

Acoli (Nilotic) Jamul Tiipay (Cochimi-Yuman) Alamblak (Sepik) Mian (Nuclear Trans New Guinea) Gooniyandi (Bunaban) Nishnaabemwin (Algic)

In (8.8–8.9), examples of
care
adverbs are provided. The Adverb in (8.9) could also

be assigned to speed. It is not uncommon for concepts such as carefully and slowly
to be encoded by the same lexeme. This is also intuitively plausible, since situations of performing actions slowly and performing situations carefully often share important characteristics. The example in (8.9) is not a standard example in the sense that there is no overtly expressed verb that the Adverb modifies. Rather, the action that is to be performed slowly or carefully must be interpreted from context in the situation in question.
(8.8) Alamblak (Sepik) (Bruce 1984: 277)

nhai
no
masat
much
hingnakahr,
not.work
nhai
no
rhofrakahr,
not.be.idle
be
just
nhofjë

carefully

hingnaywr.
he.works
adv

‘No, he does not work vigorously, no, he is not idle, he just works carefully.’
¹ This example is repeated from (1.3) in the introduction in chapter 1.

(8.9) Acoli (Nilotic) (Crazzolara 1955: 148)