Peritonitis is known to be general or localized, acute or chronic, primary or

JIGAR VA O’T YO’LI KASALLIKLARI BELGILARI
Davolovchi vrach bemorlarni kasallik tarixini olganda kasalni ishlash va yashash sharoitiga etibor 0berishi kerak. Bemorni oldingi parxeziga, ol0din boshidan o’tkazgan kasalliklarga, maxsus ovqat xazm qilish, asab va endokrin tizimi xolatiga tasir qiladi, chunki gepatit kasalligi ko’pincha shu asoslar bilan bog’liq.
Masalan ortiqcha ovqatlanish asosan yog’li taomlar yeyish, alkogalizm bazan jigarda yog’lar ni buzilishi tashxisini qo’yadi. Botkin kasalligidan so’ng va surinkali infeksiyalarda jigarda doimiy yara kuzatilishi mumkin. Oshqazon –ichak kasalliklaridan so’ng jigar va o’t yo’llariga tasirini ko’ramiz ulardan biri gastrit.
Bemorning shikoyatlari- vazn kamayishi, o’ng gipohondryada og’riq va qorin kengayishi jigar va o’t yo’li kasaliklarini tashxisini keltirib chiqarishi mumkin.
Gepatit kasalligini tasnifi o’rtasida – teri rangi, ko’z sklerasi, og’iz shilliq qavati sarg’ayadi, kindik soxasida venalar tarqalishi kuzatiladi, o’ng va chap gipohondriya yumshoqlashadi.
Jigar va taloqni palpatsiya va perkyrsiya qilish tashxis uchun muxim asosni taminlaydi. Jigar xajmi kengayishi yoki qisqarishi mumkin, u yumshoq yoki qattiq bo’lishi, yuzasida shishlar bo’lishi, pastki qismi o’tkirlashishi mumkin bularni barchasi davolovchi vrachto’ri tashxis qo’yish ga shubxa qoldirmaydi.


Immunity
. Infectious diseases are known to be caused by the invasion and growth of
microorganisms in the human body. Infection may result from direct contact
with patients or from indirect one.
But the human organism is known to have a specific capacity of resistance against infection, which is called immunity, it being natural and artificial. Un­der various conditions it may be entirely lacking, it may be relative, rarely it may be absolute. A previous attack of an infectious disease produces a more or less permanent protection against its subsequent infection.-
In the course of their growth in the body many pathogenic microorganisms produce virulent poisons or toxins, they causing the characteristic symptoms of a particular disease. To meet the infection the cells of the body produce a chemical antidote which is specific for this particular infection and is known as an anti-toxin._tIf the patient can produce a sufficient amount of this antidote to neutralize the toxins before the vital organs are injured recovery occurs, If the human body had not this capacity we should suffer from all infectious diseases.
If the toxin can be isolated from bacterial cultures and injected into men an
artificial immunity can be produced which results from the formation of anti­toxin.
The cellular elements of the tissues also take an active part in the protection of the organism against the infection. The presence of any infection usually produces leucocytosis and bacteria in the tissues are surrounded by white cells or phagocytes which prevent the spread of bacteria destroying them.
If the reaction against invading bacteria is insufficient, vaccines may be injected subcutaneously to produce a more active resistance of the protective mechanisms of the body. Vaccines are employed not only to contribute to the treatment of a disease, but to establish an active artificial immunity.

IMMUNITET
Ma’lumki yuqumli kasalliklar inson tanasi mikroorganizmlar o’sishi va bostirib kirish tomonidan kelib chiqadi. Infeksiya bemorlar bilan aloqada bevosita yuqishi mumkin. Ammo bilamizki inson organizmida infeksiyaga qarshi mahsus quvvat sig’imi bor u immunitet deb nomlanadi. U tug’ma va orrtirilgan bo’ladi. Turli sharoitlar ostida immunitet mutlaqo yetishmay qolishi mumkin, nisbiy yetishmay qolishi mumkin, kamdan kam holda absalyut bo’lishi mumkin. Yuqumli kasalliklarni keying hujumi ko’proq, bo’lsa ham yana keyingi kasalliklarda o’zini himoyasini qoldiradi.
Ularni tanada o’sishi ko’pgina patogen mikroorganizmlarni virulens zaxarlari yoki toksinlarini ishlab chiqaradi, va ular doimo harakterli kasallik belgilariga sabab bo’ladi. Infeksiya tana hujayrasi bilan uchrashganda kimyoviy antitana ishlab chiqaradi qaysiki bu ishlab chiqarilgan bu antitana doimomiy infeksiya uchundir va antitana deb nomlanadi. Agar bemor tanasida yetarlicha miqdorda antitana ishlab chiqara olsa zahar hayotiy organlarni shikastlashdan oldin sog’ayish yuz beradi. Agar inson tanasida bu sig’im yetarlicha bo’lmasa, bu yuqumli kasalliklardan zarar ko’rishimiz mumkin. Agar toksin bacteria kulturasidan ajratib olinsa va o’sha insonga suniy immunitet qilingan bo’lsa antitoksin shakllanadi. To’qimaning hujayra elementlari ham organizm himoyasida infeksiyaga qarshi faol ishtirok etadi.
Har qanday infeksiya bor bo’lganda oq hujayra yoki fagositozlar tomonidan to’qimada bakteriya va leykositlar o’rab olinadi. Ular bacteria tarqalishini oldini oladi. Reaksiyada bakteriya hujimiga qarshilik qilish yetarli emas.
Vaksina teri ostiga qilinganda tanani himoya mexanizmining qarshiligi yana ham kuchayadi. Vaksina faqat davolash uchun ishlatilmaydi balki suniy immunitet ham yaratadi.

FRACTURES

The word “fracture” means a break in a bone. There are two kinds of fractures: closed and open. In a closed fracture there is no wound on the skin.
In an open fracture there is wound . Open fractures are more serious than closed ones.
If a person breaks his arm or leg he complains of pain in place of the break. The pain becomes more severe both on pressing or moving the injured part.
In some severe cases fainting may be observed . The causes of fainting may be either acute pain in the injured place or strong emotion. In fainting blood doesn’t get to the brain. The face of a person gets pale, sweat appears on his forehead, feels dizzy and weak. When we help a person we must lay the person, sprinkle cold water on his face, to breathe in ammonia water.
Swelling in the injured place appears quickly. Do not let the person move. Use a splint for the broken limb. Bind the splints to the limb but not at the place of fracture. The person with the fracture must be taken to the hospital immediately. Doctors use both the X- rays to see the break and put plaster casts on the broken limbs.
SHOCK AND POISONING
Shock is very dangerous. Loss of blood may cause shock. Either severe pain or strong emotion can cause shock too. The face of the person in shock usually pale and skin is cold. Breathing and the pulse become rapid.
If you help a person in shock;
1. Lay him flat on his back.
2. Raise his feet a little.
3.Cover him with blankets to keep him warm.
4.Give him a warm drink.
5.Keep him quiet.
Poisoning may be result of either spoiled foods or over dosage of the drugs.. But in every case patient needs prompt medical care. The first aid in poisoning is to empty the stomach. Do it as soon as possible. Give much water to drink 4-8 glasses. If the person does not feel any relief you must call in a doctor. Because, poisoning may cause shock, asphyxia or untoward reactions, and sometimes even death. On following home treatment everybody must attentively read the directions for the administration of a drug , must not confuse the different remedies.

INFECTIOUS DISEASES

As we know that infectious diseases can pass from an infectious person to a healthy person by different ways. All infectious diseases are known to be caused by specific microorganisms which may be revealed by bacteriological tests: for example, typhoid bacilli are found in the blood, stool, sometimes in the urine.
A rash is a clinical feature of many infectious diseases such as chicken-pox, smallpox, scarlet fever and others. Prodromal symptoms appear earlier than the charac­teristic features, and therefore it may be impossible to make a diagnosis in the initial stages of the disease. A sore throat, a running nose and cough may occur among the most characteristic local symptoms. Many diseases may begin with these symptoms, but a sore throat is particularly characteristic of such diseases as scarlet fever and diphtheria; cough occurs in case of whooping-cough or measles. Special attention should be paid to the type of rash, its color and distribution whether it is associated with itching or not. When a nurse looks after a patient who has an infectious disease she has two important tasks: to take care of the patient and to prevent the spread of infection.
There are some rules to prevent the spread of infection and a nurse must remember them:
1.The nurse must wear a mask and a special gown when she goes to look after an
infected patient.
2.The nurse must wash her hands carefully with a soap .
3. Disinfect bed- clothes and blankets after use.
Prophylactic vaccination is carried out against a number of infectious diseases to prevent
the spread of infection.