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Ключевые слова:
узбекский язык, лексика языка, заимствование, индийско
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европейская
семья языков, непостоянный, билингвизм, устная речь, письменный источник
Uzbek linguistics has changed during last years. Creation of textbooks on the Uzbek language,
researches on linguistic theory, publications in prestigious journals, defense of PhD and Ds dissertations,
preparing of philological and encyclopedic dictionaries are the evident proof of its development.
During centuries lots of foreign words have borrowed and many languages have loaned Uzbek
terms. The process of borrowing is constantly active on social-cultural and spiritual spheres. Even the
English language includes approximately 60 percent of loanwords.
There are several ways of borrowing foreign words. When some new notions and events don’t
have names in the Uzbek language or loanword has the effective influence in naming, there borrowing is
mostly used.
For instance, chat (chat) –conversation (suhbat), bifshteks –(beefsteaks) – fried beef in sauce
(qovurilgan mol go‘shtini qaylaga solib beriladigan ovqat turi), mani (money) –pul, boy-frend (boy-
friend) –friend (do‘st, o‘rtoq) are words which reflect the ads, children clothes or draw customer’s
attention.
In linguistics, borrowing (also known as lexical borrowing) is the process by which a word from
one language is adapted for use in another. The word that is borrowed is called a borrowing, a borrowed
word, or a loanword.
The English language has been described by David Crystal as an "insatiable borrower." More than
120 other languages have served as sources for the contemporary vocabulary of English. Present-day
English is also a major donor language--the leading source of borrowings for many other languages.
"English . . . has freely appropriated the major parts of its vocabulary from Greek, Latin, French,
and dozens of other languages. Even though “The official's automobile functioned erratically consists
entirely of borrowed words, with the single exception of the, it is uniquely an English sentence
"The problem with defending the purity of the English language is that English is about as pure as
a cribhouse whore. We don't just borrow words; on occasion, English has pursued other languages down
alleyways to beat them unconscious and rifle their pockets for new vocabulary."
Exploration and Borrowing. The vocabulary of English based on exploration and trade was often
brought to England in spoken form or in popular printed books and pamphlets. An early example is
assassin (eater of hashish), which appears in English about 1531 as a loanword from Arabic, probably
borrowed during the Crusades. Many of the other words borrowed from eastern countries during the
Middle Ages were the names of products (Arabic
lemon
, Persian
musk
, Semitic
cinnamon
, Chinese
silk
)
and place names (like
damask
, from Damascus). These were the most direct examples of the axiom that a
new referent requires a new word."
Enthusiastic Borrowers. "English speakers have long been globally among the most enthusiastic
borrowers of other people's words and many, many thousands of English words have been acquired in just
this way. We get
kayak
from an Eskimo language,
whisky
from Scottish Gaelic,
ukulele
from Hawaiian,
yoghurt
from Turkish,
mayonnaise
from French,
algebra
from Arabic,
sherry
from Spanish,
ski
from
Norwegian,
waltz
from German, and
kangaroo
from the Guugu-Yimidhirr language of Australia. Indeed, if
you leaf through the pages of an English dictionary that provide the sources of words, you will discover
that well over half the words in it are taken from other languages in one way or another (although not
always by the sort of straightforward borrowing we are considering here"
Reasons for Language Borrowing. "One language may possess words for which there are no
equivalents in the other language. There may be words for objects, social, political, and cultural institutions
and events or abstract concepts which are not found in the culture of the other language. We can take some
examples from the English language throughout the ages. English has borrowed words for types of houses
(e.g.
castle, mansion, teepee, wigwam, igloo, bungalow
). It has borrowed words for cultural institutions
(e.g.
opera, ballet
). It has borrowed words for political concepts (e.g.
perestroika, glasnost, apartheid
). It
often happens that one culture borrows from the language of another culture words or phrases to express
technological, social or cultural innovations."
Contemporary Borrowing. "Today only about five percent of our new words are taken from other
languages. They are especially prevalent in the names of foods:
focaccia, salsa, vindaloo, ramen
."
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