A. T. Iriskulov Theoretical Grammar of English


The Category of Posteriority



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irisqulov a.t.theoretical grammar

The Category of Posteriority
This category is distinguished by B. Khaimovich and Rogovskaya. (22)
As they put it this category is the system of two member opposition:
shall come - should come.
will come - would come
their meaning is: absolute and relative posteriority.
When posteriority is expressed in relation to the moment of speech it is called absolute. If posteriority is 
with regard to some other moment then it is relative.
If we accept this category, according to the definition of the grammatical category it is expressed by 
auxiliary verbs shall and will for absolute posteriority and should and would for relative. Shall and will cannot 
denote at the same time, two meanings: those of tense and posteriority, if in this case - there are two meanings then 
we must admit that the auxiliaries will- would, shall-should consist of two morphemes each. Applying the usual 
procedure we cut the words into w-ill and w-ould; sh-all and sh-ould; w-w and sh-sh are combined into morphemes 
of tense, and ill-all as allmorphs of the morpheme of absolute posteriority while ould-ould - as morpheme of relative 
posteriority.
The Categories of Number and Person
The category of person is the system of two member opposition. It is available only in the 
Present Tense in singular number. B. Khaimovich and Rogovskaya (22) state that “the third person 
with a positive morpheme being opposed to the first person with a zero morpheme”. In the future 
tense sh- of the first person is opposed to w- of the second and third persons.
A similar treatment of the problem is observed in works of L.S. Barkhudarov (2), (4), who opposes third 
person to the common person (1
st
, 2
nd
persons) because “almost all the verbs in the 1
st
and 2
nd
persons have a zero 
marker”.
So far as to the category of number is concerned many grammarians consider that it is in its purity 
represented only in the verb “to be”, for other verbs the opposition of the 3
rd
person singular, to 3
rd
person plural 
accepted (in the present-tense).
Study questions
1. What are the most important features of verbs?
2. Why do some scientists say that verbs are "System of systems"?
3. Why do they say that verbs are morphologically most developed part of speech?
4. What are the criteria for classification of verbs?
5. What is the difference between finite and non-finite forms of the verb?
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6. What verbs are called non-finite?
7. What verbs are called irregular?
8. How many basic forms of the verb do you know?
9. What is the difference between terminative and non-terminative verbs?
10. What is the difference between notional and functional verbs?
11. What functional verbs do you know?
12. What is the difference between auxiliary and link-verbs?
13. What are the peculiar features of modal verbs? Why are they called defective?
14. How many grammatical categories of the verb do you know?
15. Which grammatical category of the verb is the most intricate and why?
16. Do English verbs have the reciprocal and reflexive voices?
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